Publications | Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems

111 results (View BibTeX file of all listed publications)

2001

Pattern Selection Using the Bias and Variance of Ensemble

In Proc. of the Korean Data Mining Conference, pages: 56-67, Korean Data Mining Conference, December 2001 (inproceedings)

[BibTex]

2001

ei Shin, H., Cho, S. Pattern Selection Using the Bias and Variance of Ensemble In Proc. of the Korean Data Mining Conference, pages: 56-67, Korean Data Mining Conference, December 2001 (inproceedings)

[BibTex]

Separation of post-nonlinear mixtures using ACE and temporal decorrelation

Ziehe, A., Kawanabe, M., Harmeling, S., Müller, K.

In ICA 2001, pages: 433-438, (Editors: Lee, T.-W. , T.P. Jung, S. Makeig, T. J. Sejnowski), Third International Workshop on Independent Component Analysis and Blind Signal Separation, December 2001 (inproceedings)

Abstract

We propose an efficient method based on the concept of maximal correlation that reduces the post-nonlinear blind source separation problem (PNL BSS) to a linear BSS problem. For this we apply the Alternating Conditional Expectation (ACE) algorithm a powerful technique from nonparametric statistics to approximately invert the (post-)nonlinear functions. Interestingly, in the framework of the ACE method convergence can be proven and in the PNL BSS scenario the optimal transformation found by ACE will coincide with the desired inverse functions. After the nonlinearities have been removed by ACE, temporal decorrelation (TD) allows us to recover the source signals. An excellent performance underlines the validity of our approach and demonstrates the ACE-TD method on realistic examples.

PDF [BibTex]

ei Ziehe, A., Kawanabe, M., Harmeling, S., Müller, K. Separation of post-nonlinear mixtures using ACE and temporal decorrelation In ICA 2001, pages: 433-438, (Editors: Lee, T.-W. , T.P. Jung, S. Makeig, T. J. Sejnowski), Third International Workshop on Independent Component Analysis and Blind Signal Separation, December 2001 (inproceedings)

PDF [BibTex]

Perception of Planar Shapes in Depth

Wichmann, F., Willems, B., Rosas, P., Wagemans, J.

Journal of Vision, 1(3):176, First Annual Meeting of the Vision Sciences Society (VSS), December 2001 (poster)

Abstract

We investigated the influence of the perceived 3D-orientation of planar elliptical shapes on the perception of the shapes themselves. Ellipses were projected onto the surface of a sphere and subjects were asked to indicate if the projected shapes looked as if they were a circle on the surface of the sphere. The image of the sphere was obtained from a real, (near) perfect sphere using a highly accurate digital camera (real sphere diameter 40 cm; camera-to-sphere distance 320 cm; for details see Willems et al., Perception 29, S96, 2000; Photometrics SenSys 400 digital camera with Rodenstock lens, 12-bit linear luminance resolution). Stimuli were presented monocularly on a carefully linearized Sony GDM-F500 monitor keeping the scene geometry as in the real case (sphere diameter on screen 8.2 cm; viewing distance 66 cm). Experiments were run in a darkened room using a viewing tube to minimize, as far as possible, extraneous monocular cues to depth. Three different methods were used to obtain subjects' estimates of 3D-shape: the method of adjustment, temporal 2-alternative forced choice (2AFC) and yes/no. Several results are noteworthy. First, mismatch between perceived and objective slant tended to decrease with increasing objective slant. Second, the variability of the settings, too, decreased with increasing objective slant. Finally, we comment on the results obtained using different psychophysical methods and compare our results to those obtained using a real sphere and binocular vision (Willems et al.).

Web DOI [BibTex]

ei Wichmann, F., Willems, B., Rosas, P., Wagemans, J. Perception of Planar Shapes in Depth Journal of Vision, 1(3):176, First Annual Meeting of the Vision Sciences Society (VSS), December 2001 (poster)

Web DOI [BibTex]

Anabolic and Catabolic Gene Expression Pattern Analysis in Normal Versus Osteoarthritic Cartilage Using Complementary DNA-Array Technology

Aigner, T., Zien, A., Gehrsitz, A., Gebhard, P., McKenna, L.

Arthritis and Rheumatism, 44(12):2777-2789, December 2001 (article)

Web [BibTex]

ei Aigner, T., Zien, A., Gehrsitz, A., Gebhard, P., McKenna, L. Anabolic and Catabolic Gene Expression Pattern Analysis in Normal Versus Osteoarthritic Cartilage Using Complementary DNA-Array Technology Arthritis and Rheumatism, 44(12):2777-2789, December 2001 (article)

Web [BibTex]

Nonlinear blind source separation using kernel feature spaces

Harmeling, S., Ziehe, A., Kawanabe, M., Blankertz, B., Müller, K.

In ICA 2001, pages: 102-107, (Editors: Lee, T.-W. , T.P. Jung, S. Makeig, T. J. Sejnowski), Third International Workshop on Independent Component Analysis and Blind Signal Separation, December 2001 (inproceedings)

Abstract

In this work we propose a kernel-based blind source separation (BSS) algorithm that can perform nonlinear BSS for general invertible nonlinearities. For our kTDSEP algorithm we have to go through four steps: (i) adapting to the intrinsic dimension of the data mapped to feature space F, (ii) finding an orthonormal basis of this submanifold, (iii) mapping the data into the subspace of F spanned by this orthonormal basis, and (iv) applying temporal decorrelation BSS (TDSEP) to the mapped data. After demixing we get a number of irrelevant components and the original sources. To find out which ones are the components of interest, we propose a criterion that allows to identify the original sources. The excellent performance of kTDSEP is demonstrated in experiments on nonlinearly mixed speech data.

PDF [BibTex]

ei Harmeling, S., Ziehe, A., Kawanabe, M., Blankertz, B., Müller, K. Nonlinear blind source separation using kernel feature spaces In ICA 2001, pages: 102-107, (Editors: Lee, T.-W. , T.P. Jung, S. Makeig, T. J. Sejnowski), Third International Workshop on Independent Component Analysis and Blind Signal Separation, December 2001 (inproceedings)

PDF [BibTex]

Pattern Selection for Regression using the Bias and Variance of Ensemble Network

Shin, H., Cho, S.

In Proc. of the Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers Conference, pages: 10-19, Korean Industrial Engineers Conference, November 2001 (inproceedings)

[BibTex]

ei Shin, H., Cho, S. Pattern Selection for Regression using the Bias and Variance of Ensemble Network In Proc. of the Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers Conference, pages: 10-19, Korean Industrial Engineers Conference, November 2001 (inproceedings)

[BibTex]

Kernel Methods for Extracting Local Image Semantics

Bradshaw, B., Schölkopf, B., Platt, J.

(MSR-TR-2001-99), Microsoft Research, October 2001 (techreport)

Web [BibTex]

ei Bradshaw, B., Schölkopf, B., Platt, J. Kernel Methods for Extracting Local Image Semantics (MSR-TR-2001-99), Microsoft Research, October 2001 (techreport)

Web [BibTex]

Pattern Selection for Classification using the Bias and Variance of Ensemble Neural Network

Shin, H., Cho, S.

In Proc. of the Korea Information Science Conference, pages: 307-309, Korea Information Science Conference, October 2001, Best Paper Award (inproceedings)

[BibTex]

ei Shin, H., Cho, S. Pattern Selection for Classification using the Bias and Variance of Ensemble Neural Network In Proc. of the Korea Information Science Conference, pages: 307-309, Korea Information Science Conference, October 2001, Best Paper Award (inproceedings)

[BibTex]

Generalization performance of regularization networks and support vector machines via entropy numbers of compact operators

Williamson, R., Smola, A., Schölkopf, B.

IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 47(6):2516-2532, September 2001 (article)

Abstract

We derive new bounds for the generalization error of kernel machines, such as support vector machines and related regularization networks by obtaining new bounds on their covering numbers. The proofs make use of a viewpoint that is apparently novel in the field of statistical learning theory. The hypothesis class is described in terms of a linear operator mapping from a possibly infinite-dimensional unit ball in feature space into a finite-dimensional space. The covering numbers of the class are then determined via the entropy numbers of the operator. These numbers, which characterize the degree of compactness of the operator can be bounded in terms of the eigenvalues of an integral operator induced by the kernel function used by the machine. As a consequence, we are able to theoretically explain the effect of the choice of kernel function on the generalization performance of support vector machines.

DOI [BibTex]

ei Williamson, R., Smola, A., Schölkopf, B. Generalization performance of regularization networks and support vector machines via entropy numbers of compact operators IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 47(6):2516-2532, September 2001 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

Hybrid IDM/Impedance learning in human movements

Burdet, E., Teng, K., Chew, C., Peters, J., , B.

In ISHF 2001, 1, pages: 1-9, 1st International Symposium on Measurement, Analysis and Modeling of Human Functions (ISHF2001), September 2001 (inproceedings)

Abstract

In spite of motor output variability and the delay in the sensori-motor, humans routinely perform intrinsically un- stable tasks. The hybrid IDM/impedance learning con- troller presented in this paper enables skilful performance in strong stable and unstable environments. It consid- ers motor output variability identified from experimen- tal data, and contains two modules concurrently learning the endpoint force and impedance adapted to the envi- ronment. The simulations suggest how humans learn to skillfully perform intrinsically unstable tasks. Testable predictions are proposed.

PDF Web [BibTex]

ei Burdet, E., Teng, K., Chew, C., Peters, J., , B. Hybrid IDM/Impedance learning in human movements In ISHF 2001, 1, pages: 1-9, 1st International Symposium on Measurement, Analysis and Modeling of Human Functions (ISHF2001), September 2001 (inproceedings)

PDF Web [BibTex]

Calibration of Digital Amateur Cameras

Urbanek, M., Horaud, R., Sturm, P.

(RR-4214), INRIA Rhone Alpes, Montbonnot, France, July 2001 (techreport)

Web [BibTex]

ei Urbanek, M., Horaud, R., Sturm, P. Calibration of Digital Amateur Cameras (RR-4214), INRIA Rhone Alpes, Montbonnot, France, July 2001 (techreport)

Web [BibTex]

Combining Off- and On-line Calibration of a Digital Camera

Urbanek, M., Horaud, R., Sturm, P.

In In Proceedings of Third International Conference on 3-D Digital Imaging and Modeling, pages: 99-106, In Proceedings of Third International Conference on 3-D Digital Imaging and Modeling, June 2001 (inproceedings)

Abstract

We introduce a novel outlook on the selfcalibration task, by considering images taken by a camera in motion, allowing for zooming and focusing. Apart from the complex relationship between the lens control settings and the intrinsic camera parameters, a prior offline calibration allows to neglect the setting of focus, and to fix the principal point and aspect ratio throughout distinct views. Thus, the calibration matrix is dependent only on the zoom position. Given a fully calibrated reference view, one has only one parameter to estimate for any other view of the same scene, in order to calibrate it and to be able to perform metric reconstructions. We provide a closeform solution, and validate the reliability of the algorithm with experiments on real images. An important advantage of our method is a reduced to one number of critical camera configurations, associated with it. Moreover, we propose a method for computing the epipolar geometry of two views, taken from different positions and with different (spatial) resolutions; the idea is to take an appropriate third view, that is "easy" to match with the other two.

ZIP [BibTex]

ei Urbanek, M., Horaud, R., Sturm, P. Combining Off- and On-line Calibration of a Digital Camera In In Proceedings of Third International Conference on 3-D Digital Imaging and Modeling, pages: 99-106, In Proceedings of Third International Conference on 3-D Digital Imaging and Modeling, June 2001 (inproceedings)

ZIP [BibTex]

Centralization: A new method for the normalization of gene expression data

Zien, A., Aigner, T., Zimmer, R., Lengauer, T.

Bioinformatics, 17, pages: S323-S331, June 2001, Mathematical supplement available at http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/574280.html (article)

Abstract

Microarrays measure values that are approximately proportional to the numbers of copies of different mRNA molecules in samples. Due to technical difficulties, the constant of proportionality between the measured intensities and the numbers of mRNA copies per cell is unknown and may vary for different arrays. Usually, the data are normalized (i.e., array-wise multiplied by appropriate factors) in order to compensate for this effect and to enable informative comparisons between different experiments. Centralization is a new two-step method for the computation of such normalization factors that is both biologically better motivated and more robust than standard approaches. First, for each pair of arrays the quotient of the constants of proportionality is estimated. Second, from the resulting matrix of pairwise quotients an optimally consistent scaling of the samples is computed.

PDF PostScript Web [BibTex]

ei Zien, A., Aigner, T., Zimmer, R., Lengauer, T. Centralization: A new method for the normalization of gene expression data Bioinformatics, 17, pages: S323-S331, June 2001, Mathematical supplement available at http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/574280.html (article)

PDF PostScript Web [BibTex]

Regularized principal manifolds

Smola, A., Mika, S., Schölkopf, B., Williamson, R.

Journal of Machine Learning Research, 1, pages: 179-209, June 2001 (article)

Abstract

Many settings of unsupervised learning can be viewed as quantization problems - the minimization of the expected quantization error subject to some restrictions. This allows the use of tools such as regularization from the theory of (supervised) risk minimization for unsupervised learning. This setting turns out to be closely related to principal curves, the generative topographic map, and robust coding. We explore this connection in two ways: (1) we propose an algorithm for finding principal manifolds that can be regularized in a variety of ways; and (2) we derive uniform convergence bounds and hence bounds on the learning rates of the algorithm. In particular, we give bounds on the covering numbers which allows us to obtain nearly optimal learning rates for certain types of regularization operators. Experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the approach.

PDF [BibTex]

ei Smola, A., Mika, S., Schölkopf, B., Williamson, R. Regularized principal manifolds Journal of Machine Learning Research, 1, pages: 179-209, June 2001 (article)

PDF [BibTex]

Variationsverfahren zur Untersuchung von Grundzustandseigenschaften des Ein-Band Hubbard-Modells

Eichhorn, J.

Biologische Kybernetik, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden/Germany, May 2001 (diplomathesis)

Abstract

Using different modifications of a new variational approach, statical groundstate properties of the one-band Hubbard model such as energy and staggered magnetisation are calculated. By taking into account additional fluctuations, the method ist gradually improved so that a very good description of the energy in one and two dimensions can be achieved. After a detailed discussion of the application in one dimension, extensions for two dimensions are introduced. By use of a modified version of the variational ansatz in particular a description of the quantum phase transition for the magnetisation should be possible.

PostScript [BibTex]

ei Eichhorn, J. Variationsverfahren zur Untersuchung von Grundzustandseigenschaften des Ein-Band Hubbard-Modells Biologische Kybernetik, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden/Germany, May 2001 (diplomathesis)

PostScript [BibTex]

Failure Diagnosis of Discrete Event Systems

Son, HI., Kim, KW., Lee, S.

Journal of Control, Automation and Systems Engineering, 7(5):375-383, May 2001, In Korean (article)

[BibTex]

ei Son, HI., Kim, KW., Lee, S. Failure Diagnosis of Discrete Event Systems Journal of Control, Automation and Systems Engineering, 7(5):375-383, May 2001, In Korean (article)

[BibTex]

Support vector novelty detection applied to jet engine vibration spectra

Hayton, P., Schölkopf, B., Tarassenko, L., Anuzis, P.

In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 13, pages: 946-952, (Editors: TK Leen and TG Dietterich and V Tresp), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 14th Annual Neural Information Processing Systems Conference (NIPS), April 2001 (inproceedings)

Abstract

A system has been developed to extract diagnostic information from jet engine carcass vibration data. Support Vector Machines applied to novelty detection provide a measure of how unusual the shape of a vibration signature is, by learning a representation of normality. We describe a novel method for Support Vector Machines of including information from a second class for novelty detection and give results from the application to Jet Engine vibration analysis.

PDF Web [BibTex]

ei Hayton, P., Schölkopf, B., Tarassenko, L., Anuzis, P. Support vector novelty detection applied to jet engine vibration spectra In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 13, pages: 946-952, (Editors: TK Leen and TG Dietterich and V Tresp), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 14th Annual Neural Information Processing Systems Conference (NIPS), April 2001 (inproceedings)

PDF Web [BibTex]

Four-legged Walking Gait Control Using a Neuromorphic Chip Interfaced to a Support Vector Learning Algorithm

Still, S., Schölkopf, B., Hepp, K., Douglas, R.

In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 13, pages: 741-747, (Editors: TK Leen and TG Dietterich and V Tresp), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 14th Annual Neural Information Processing Systems Conference (NIPS), April 2001 (inproceedings)

Abstract

To control the walking gaits of a four-legged robot we present a novel neuromorphic VLSI chip that coordinates the relative phasing of the robot's legs similar to how spinal Central Pattern Generators are believed to control vertebrate locomotion [3]. The chip controls the leg movements by driving motors with time varying voltages which are the outputs of a small network of coupled oscillators. The characteristics of the chip's output voltages depend on a set of input parameters. The relationship between input parameters and output voltages can be computed analytically for an idealized system. In practice, however, this ideal relationship is only approximately true due to transistor mismatch and offsets.

PDF Web [BibTex]

ei Still, S., Schölkopf, B., Hepp, K., Douglas, R. Four-legged Walking Gait Control Using a Neuromorphic Chip Interfaced to a Support Vector Learning Algorithm In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 13, pages: 741-747, (Editors: TK Leen and TG Dietterich and V Tresp), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 14th Annual Neural Information Processing Systems Conference (NIPS), April 2001 (inproceedings)

PDF Web [BibTex]

Algorithmic Stability and Generalization Performance

Bousquet, O., Elisseeff, A.

In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 13, pages: 196-202, (Editors: Leen, T.K. , T.G. Dietterich, V. Tresp), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, Fourteenth Annual Neural Information Processing Systems Conference (NIPS), April 2001 (inproceedings)

Abstract

We present a novel way of obtaining PAC-style bounds on the generalization error of learning algorithms, explicitly using their stability properties. A {\em stable} learner being one for which the learned solution does not change much for small changes in the training set. The bounds we obtain do not depend on any measure of the complexity of the hypothesis space (e.g. VC dimension) but rather depend on how the learning algorithm searches this space, and can thus be applied even when the VC dimension in infinite. We demonstrate that regularization networks possess the required stability property and apply our method to obtain new bounds on their generalization performance.

PDF Web [BibTex]

ei Bousquet, O., Elisseeff, A. Algorithmic Stability and Generalization Performance In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 13, pages: 196-202, (Editors: Leen, T.K. , T.G. Dietterich, V. Tresp), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, Fourteenth Annual Neural Information Processing Systems Conference (NIPS), April 2001 (inproceedings)

PDF Web [BibTex]

The Kernel Trick for Distances

Schölkopf, B.

In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 13, pages: 301-307, (Editors: TK Leen and TG Dietterich and V Tresp), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 14th Annual Neural Information Processing Systems Conference (NIPS), April 2001 (inproceedings)

Abstract

A method is described which, like the kernel trick in support vector machines (SVMs), lets us generalize distance-based algorithms to operate in feature spaces, usually nonlinearly related to the input space. This is done by identifying a class of kernels which can be represented as norm-based distances in Hilbert spaces. It turns out that the common kernel algorithms, such as SVMs and kernel PCA, are actually really distance based algorithms and can be run with that class of kernels, too. As well as providing a useful new insight into how these algorithms work, the present work can form the basis for conceiving new algorithms.

PDF Web [BibTex]

ei Schölkopf, B. The Kernel Trick for Distances In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 13, pages: 301-307, (Editors: TK Leen and TG Dietterich and V Tresp), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 14th Annual Neural Information Processing Systems Conference (NIPS), April 2001 (inproceedings)

PDF Web [BibTex]

Vicinal Risk Minimization

Chapelle, O., Weston, J., Bottou, L., Vapnik, V.

In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 13, pages: 416-422, (Editors: Leen, T.K. , T.G. Dietterich, V. Tresp), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, Fourteenth Annual Neural Information Processing Systems Conference (NIPS) , April 2001 (inproceedings)

Abstract

The Vicinal Risk Minimization principle establishes a bridge between generative models and methods derived from the Structural Risk Minimization Principle such as Support Vector Machines or Statistical Regularization. We explain how VRM provides a framework which integrates a number of existing algorithms, such as Parzen windows, Support Vector Machines, Ridge Regression, Constrained Logistic Classifiers and Tangent-Prop. We then show how the approach implies new algorithms for solving problems usually associated with generative models. New algorithms are described for dealing with pattern recognition problems with very different pattern distributions and dealing with unlabeled data. Preliminary empirical results are presented.

PDF Web [BibTex]

ei Chapelle, O., Weston, J., Bottou, L., Vapnik, V. Vicinal Risk Minimization In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 13, pages: 416-422, (Editors: Leen, T.K. , T.G. Dietterich, V. Tresp), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, Fourteenth Annual Neural Information Processing Systems Conference (NIPS) , April 2001 (inproceedings)

PDF Web [BibTex]

Feature Selection for SVMs

Weston, J., Mukherjee, S., Chapelle, O., Pontil, M., Poggio, T., Vapnik, V.

In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 13, pages: 668-674, (Editors: Leen, T.K. , T.G. Dietterich, V. Tresp), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, Fourteenth Annual Neural Information Processing Systems Conference (NIPS), April 2001 (inproceedings)

Abstract

We introduce a method of feature selection for Support Vector Machines. The method is based upon finding those features which minimize bounds on the leave-one-out error. This search can be efficiently performed via gradient descent. The resulting algorithms are shown to be superior to some standard feature selection algorithms on both toy data and real-life problems of face recognition, pedestrian detection and analyzing DNA microarray data.

PDF Web [BibTex]

ei Weston, J., Mukherjee, S., Chapelle, O., Pontil, M., Poggio, T., Vapnik, V. Feature Selection for SVMs In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 13, pages: 668-674, (Editors: Leen, T.K. , T.G. Dietterich, V. Tresp), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, Fourteenth Annual Neural Information Processing Systems Conference (NIPS), April 2001 (inproceedings)

PDF Web [BibTex]

Occam’s Razor

Rasmussen, CE., Ghahramani, Z.

In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 13, pages: 294-300, (Editors: Leen, T.K. , T.G. Dietterich, V. Tresp), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, Fourteenth Annual Neural Information Processing Systems Conference (NIPS), April 2001 (inproceedings)

Abstract

The Bayesian paradigm apparently only sometimes gives rise to Occam's Razor; at other times very large models perform well. We give simple examples of both kinds of behaviour. The two views are reconciled when measuring complexity of functions, rather than of the machinery used to implement them. We analyze the complexity of functions for some linear in the parameter models that are equivalent to Gaussian Processes, and always find Occam's Razor at work.

PDF Web [BibTex]

ei Rasmussen, CE., Ghahramani, Z. Occam’s Razor In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 13, pages: 294-300, (Editors: Leen, T.K. , T.G. Dietterich, V. Tresp), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, Fourteenth Annual Neural Information Processing Systems Conference (NIPS), April 2001 (inproceedings)

PDF Web [BibTex]

Plaid maskers revisited: asymmetric plaids

Wichmann, F.

pages: 57, 4. T{\"u}binger Wahrnehmungskonferenz (TWK), March 2001 (poster)

Abstract

A large number of psychophysical and physiological experiments suggest that luminance patterns are independently analysed in channels responding to different bands of spatial frequency. There are, however, interactions among stimuli falling well outside the usual estimates of channels' bandwidths. Derrington & Henning (1989) first reported that, in 2-AFC sinusoidal-grating detection, plaid maskers, whose components are oriented symmetrically about the signal orientation, cause a substantially larger threshold elevation than would be predicted from their sinusoidal constituents alone. Wichmann & Tollin (1997a,b) and Wichmann & Henning (1998) confirmed and extended the original findings, measuring masking as a function of presentation time and plaid mask contrast. Here I investigate masking using plaid patterns whose components are asymmetrically positioned about the signal orientation. Standard temporal 2-AFC pattern discrimination experiments were conducted using plaid patterns and oblique sinusoidal gratings as maskers, and horizontally orientated sinusoidal gratings as signals. Signal and maskers were always interleaved on the display (refresh rate 152 Hz). As in the case of the symmetrical plaid maskers, substantial masking was observed for many of the asymmetrical plaids. Masking is neither a straightforward function of the plaid's constituent sinusoidal components nor of the periodicity of the luminance beats between components. These results cause problems for the notion that, even for simple stimuli, detection and discrimination are based on the outputs of channels tuned to limited ranges of spatial frequency and orientation, even if a limited set of nonlinear interactions between these channels is allowed.

Web [BibTex]

ei Wichmann, F. Plaid maskers revisited: asymmetric plaids pages: 57, 4. T{\"u}binger Wahrnehmungskonferenz (TWK), March 2001 (poster)

Web [BibTex]

Pattern Selection Using the Bias and Variance of Ensemble

Shin, H., Cho, S.

Journal of the Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers, 28(1):112-127, March 2001 (article)

Abstract

[Abstract]: A useful pattern is a pattern that contributes much to learning. For a classification problem those patterns near the class boundary surfaces carry more information to the classifier. For a regression problem the ones near the estimated surface carry more information. In both cases, the usefulness is defined only for those patterns either without error or with negligible error. Using only the useful patterns gives several benefits. First, computational complexity in memory and time for learning is decreased. Second, overfitting is avoided even when the learner is over-sized. Third, learning results in more stable learners. In this paper, we propose a pattern utility index that measures the utility of an individual pattern. The utility index is based on the bias and variance of a pattern trained by a network ensemble. In classification, the pattern with a low bias and a high variance gets a high score. In regression, on the other hand, the one with a low bias and a low variance gets a high score. Based on the distribution of the utility index, the original training set is divided into a high-score group and a low-score group. Only the high-score group is then used for training. The proposed method is tested on synthetic and real-world benchmark datasets. The proposed approach gives a better or at least similar performance.

[BibTex]

ei Shin, H., Cho, S. Pattern Selection Using the Bias and Variance of Ensemble Journal of the Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers, 28(1):112-127, March 2001 (article)

[BibTex]

Structure and Functionality of a Designed p53 Dimer.

Davison, TS., Nie, X., Ma, W., Lin, Y., Kay, C., Benchimol, S., Arrowsmith, C.

Journal of Molecular Biology, 307(2):605-617, March 2001 (article)

Abstract

P53 is a homotetrameric tumor suppressor protein involved in transcriptional control of genes that regulate cell proliferation and death. In order to probe the role that oligomerization plays in this capacity, we have previously designed and characterized a series of p53 proteins with altered oligomeric states through hydrophilc substitution of residues Met340 or Leu344 in the normally tetrameric oligomerization domain. Although such mutations have little effect on the overall secondary structural content of the oligomerization domain, both solubility and the resistance to thermal denaturation are substantially reduced relative to that of the wild-type domain. Here, we report the design and characterization of a double-mutant p53 with alterations of residues at positions Met340 and Leu344. The double-mutations Met340Glu/Leu344Lys and Met340Gln/Leu344Arg resulted in distinct dimeric forms of the protein. Furthermore, we have verified by NMR structure determination that the double-mutant Met340Gln/Leu344Arg is essentially a "half-tetramer". Analysis of the in vivo activities of full-length p53 oligomeric mutants reveals that while cell-cycle arrest requires tetrameric p53, transcriptional transactivation activity of monomers and dimers retain roughly background and half of the wild-type activity, respectively.

Web [BibTex]

ei Davison, TS., Nie, X., Ma, W., Lin, Y., Kay, C., Benchimol, S., Arrowsmith, C. Structure and Functionality of a Designed p53 Dimer. Journal of Molecular Biology, 307(2):605-617, March 2001 (article)

Web [BibTex]

An Introduction to Kernel-Based Learning Algorithms

Müller, K., Mika, S., Rätsch, G., Tsuda, K., Schölkopf, B.

IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 12(2):181-201, March 2001 (article)

Abstract

This paper provides an introduction to support vector machines, kernel Fisher discriminant analysis, and kernel principal component analysis, as examples for successful kernel-based learning methods. We first give a short background about Vapnik-Chervonenkis theory and kernel feature spaces and then proceed to kernel based learning in supervised and unsupervised scenarios including practical and algorithmic considerations. We illustrate the usefulness of kernel algorithms by discussing applications such as optical character recognition and DNA analysis

DOI [BibTex]

ei Müller, K., Mika, S., Rätsch, G., Tsuda, K., Schölkopf, B. An Introduction to Kernel-Based Learning Algorithms IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 12(2):181-201, March 2001 (article)

DOI [BibTex]

Estimating the support of a high-dimensional distribution.

Schölkopf, B., Platt, J., Shawe-Taylor, J., Smola, A., Williamson, R.

Neural Computation, 13(7):1443-1471, March 2001 (article)

Abstract

Suppose you are given some data set drawn from an underlying probability distribution P and you want to estimate a simple subset S of input space such that the probability that a test point drawn from P lies outside of S equals some a priori specified value between 0 and 1. We propose a method to approach this problem by trying to estimate a function f that is positive on S and negative on the complement. The functional form of f is given by a kernel expansion in terms of a potentially small subset of the training data; it is regularized by controlling the length of the weight vector in an associated feature space. The expansion coefficients are found by solving a quadratic programming problem, which we do by carrying out sequential optimization over pairs of input patterns. We also provide a theoretical analysis of the statistical performance of our algorithm. The algorithm is a natural extension of the support vector algorithm to the case of unlabeled data.

Web DOI [BibTex]

ei Schölkopf, B., Platt, J., Shawe-Taylor, J., Smola, A., Williamson, R. Estimating the support of a high-dimensional distribution. Neural Computation, 13(7):1443-1471, March 2001 (article)

Web DOI [BibTex]

An Improved Training Algorithm for Kernel Fisher Discriminants

Mika, S., Schölkopf, B., Smola, A.

In Proceedings AISTATS, pages: 98-104, (Editors: T Jaakkola and T Richardson), Morgan Kaufman, San Francisco, CA, Artificial Intelligence and Statistics (AISTATS), January 2001 (inproceedings)

Web [BibTex]

ei Mika, S., Schölkopf, B., Smola, A. An Improved Training Algorithm for Kernel Fisher Discriminants In Proceedings AISTATS, pages: 98-104, (Editors: T Jaakkola and T Richardson), Morgan Kaufman, San Francisco, CA, Artificial Intelligence and Statistics (AISTATS), January 2001 (inproceedings)

Web [BibTex]

Nonstationary Signal Classification using Support Vector Machines

Gretton, A., Davy, M., Doucet, A., Rayner, P.

In 11th IEEE Workshop on Statistical Signal Processing, pages: 305-305, 11th IEEE Workshop on Statistical Signal Processing, 2001 (inproceedings)

Abstract

In this paper, we demonstrate the use of support vector (SV) techniques for the binary classification of nonstationary sinusoidal signals with quadratic phase. We briefly describe the theory underpinning SV classification, and introduce the Cohen's group time-frequency representation, which is used to process the non-stationary signals so as to define the classifier input space. We show that the SV classifier outperforms alternative classification methods on this processed data.

PostScript [BibTex]

ei Gretton, A., Davy, M., Doucet, A., Rayner, P. Nonstationary Signal Classification using Support Vector Machines In 11th IEEE Workshop on Statistical Signal Processing, pages: 305-305, 11th IEEE Workshop on Statistical Signal Processing, 2001 (inproceedings)

PostScript [BibTex]

Enhanced User Authentication through Typing Biometrics with Artificial Neural Networks and K-Nearest Neighbor Algorithm

Wong, FWMH., Supian, ASM., Ismail, AF., Lai, WK., Ong, CS.

In 2001 (inproceedings)

[BibTex]

ei Wong, FWMH., Supian, ASM., Ismail, AF., Lai, WK., Ong, CS. Enhanced User Authentication through Typing Biometrics with Artificial Neural Networks and K-Nearest Neighbor Algorithm In 2001 (inproceedings)

[BibTex]

Predicting the Nonlinear Dynamics of Biological Neurons using Support Vector Machines with Different Kernels

Frontzek, T., Lal, TN., Eckmiller, R.

In Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN'2001) Washington DC, 2, pages: 1492-1497, Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN'2001) Washington DC, 2001 (inproceedings)

Abstract

Based on biological data we examine the ability of Support Vector Machines (SVMs) with gaussian, polynomial and tanh-kernels to learn and predict the nonlinear dynamics of single biological neurons. We show that SVMs for regression learn the dynamics of the pyloric dilator neuron of the australian crayfish, and we determine the optimal SVM parameters with regard to the test error. Compared to conventional RBF networks and MLPs, SVMs with gaussian kernels learned faster and performed a better iterated one-step-ahead prediction with regard to training and test error. From a biological point of view SVMs are especially better in predicting the most important part of the dynamics, where the membranpotential is driven by superimposed synaptic inputs to the threshold for the oscillatory peak.

PDF [BibTex]

ei Frontzek, T., Lal, TN., Eckmiller, R. Predicting the Nonlinear Dynamics of Biological Neurons using Support Vector Machines with Different Kernels In Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN'2001) Washington DC, 2, pages: 1492-1497, Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN'2001) Washington DC, 2001 (inproceedings)

PDF [BibTex]

Computationally Efficient Face Detection

Romdhani, S., Torr, P., Schölkopf, B., Blake, A.

In Computer Vision, ICCV 2001, vol. 2, (73):695-700, IEEE, 8th International Conference on Computer Vision, 2001 (inproceedings)

DOI [BibTex]

ei Romdhani, S., Torr, P., Schölkopf, B., Blake, A. Computationally Efficient Face Detection In Computer Vision, ICCV 2001, vol. 2, (73):695-700, IEEE, 8th International Conference on Computer Vision, 2001 (inproceedings)

DOI [BibTex]

Design and Verification of Supervisory Controller of High-Speed Train

Yoo, SP., Lee, DY., Son, HI.

In IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, pages: 1290-1295, IEEE Operations Center, Piscataway, NJ, USA, IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE), 2001 (inproceedings)

Abstract

A high-level controller, supervisory controller, is required to monitor, control, and diagnose the low-level controllers of the high-speed train. The supervisory controller controls low-level controllers by monitoring input and output signals, events, and the high-speed train can be modeled as a discrete event system (DES). The high-speed train is modeled with automata, and the high-level control specification is defined. The supervisory controller is designed using the high-speed train model and the control specification. The designed supervisory controller is verified and evaluated with simulation using a computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tool, Object GEODE

Web DOI [BibTex]

ei Yoo, SP., Lee, DY., Son, HI. Design and Verification of Supervisory Controller of High-Speed Train In IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, pages: 1290-1295, IEEE Operations Center, Piscataway, NJ, USA, IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE), 2001 (inproceedings)

Web DOI [BibTex]

Use of the ell_0-norm with linear models and kernel methods

Weston, J., Elisseeff, A., Schölkopf, B.

Biowulf Technologies, 2001 (techreport)

[BibTex]

ei Weston, J., Elisseeff, A., Schölkopf, B. Use of the ell_0-norm with linear models and kernel methods Biowulf Technologies, 2001 (techreport)

[BibTex]

KDD Cup 2001 data analysis: prediction of molecular bioactivity for drug design – Binding to Thrombin

Weston, J., Perez-Cruz, F., Bousquet, O., Chapelle, O., Elisseeff, A., Schölkopf, B.

BIOwulf, 2001 (techreport)

Web [BibTex]

ei Weston, J., Perez-Cruz, F., Bousquet, O., Chapelle, O., Elisseeff, A., Schölkopf, B. KDD Cup 2001 data analysis: prediction of molecular bioactivity for drug design – Binding to Thrombin BIOwulf, 2001 (techreport)

Web [BibTex]

Cerebellar Control of Robot Arms

Peters, J.

Biologische Kybernetik, Technische Univeristät München, München, Germany, 2001 (diplomathesis)

[BibTex]

ei Peters, J. Cerebellar Control of Robot Arms Biologische Kybernetik, Technische Univeristät München, München, Germany, 2001 (diplomathesis)

[BibTex]

The psychometric function: II. Bootstrap-based confidence intervals and sampling

Wichmann, F., Hill, N.

Perception and Psychophysics, 63 (8), pages: 1314-1329, 2001 (article)

PDF [BibTex]

ei Wichmann, F., Hill, N. The psychometric function: II. Bootstrap-based confidence intervals and sampling Perception and Psychophysics, 63 (8), pages: 1314-1329, 2001 (article)

PDF [BibTex]

Towards Learning Path Planning for Solving Complex Robot Tasks

Frontzek, T., Lal, TN., Eckmiller, R.

In Proceedings of the International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks (ICANN'2001) Vienna, pages: 943-950, Proceedings of the International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks (ICANN'2001) Vienna, 2001 (inproceedings)

Abstract

For solving complex robot tasks it is necessary to incorporate path planning methods that are able to operate within different high-dimensional configuration spaces containing an unknown number of obstacles. Based on Advanced A*-algorithm (AA*) using expansion matrices instead of a simple expansion logic we propose a further improvement of AA* enabling the capability to learn directly from sample planning tasks. This is done by inserting weights into the expansion matrix which are modified according to a special learning rule. For an examplary planning task we show that Adaptive AA* learns movement vectors which allow larger movements than the initial ones into well-defined directions of the configuration space. Compared to standard approaches planning times are clearly reduced.

PDF [BibTex]

ei Frontzek, T., Lal, TN., Eckmiller, R. Towards Learning Path Planning for Solving Complex Robot Tasks In Proceedings of the International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks (ICANN'2001) Vienna, pages: 943-950, Proceedings of the International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks (ICANN'2001) Vienna, 2001 (inproceedings)

PDF [BibTex]

Learning to predict the leave-one-out error of kernel based classifiers

Tsuda, K., Rätsch, G., Mika, S., Müller, K.

In International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks, ICANN'01, (LNCS 2130):331-338, (Editors: G. Dorffner, H. Bischof and K. Hornik), International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks, ICANN'01, 2001 (inproceedings)

PDF [BibTex]

ei Tsuda, K., Rätsch, G., Mika, S., Müller, K. Learning to predict the leave-one-out error of kernel based classifiers In International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks, ICANN'01, (LNCS 2130):331-338, (Editors: G. Dorffner, H. Bischof and K. Hornik), International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks, ICANN'01, 2001 (inproceedings)

PDF [BibTex]

A kernel approach for vector quantization with guaranteed distortion bounds

Tipping, M., Schölkopf, B.

In Artificial Intelligence and Statistics, pages: 129-134, (Editors: T Jaakkola and T Richardson), Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, USA, 8th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics (AI and STATISTICS), 2001 (inproceedings)

[BibTex]

ei Tipping, M., Schölkopf, B. A kernel approach for vector quantization with guaranteed distortion bounds In Artificial Intelligence and Statistics, pages: 129-134, (Editors: T Jaakkola and T Richardson), Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, USA, 8th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics (AI and STATISTICS), 2001 (inproceedings)

[BibTex]

Incorporating Invariances in Non-Linear Support Vector Machines

Chapelle, O., Schölkopf, B.

Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics / Biowulf Technologies, 2001 (techreport)

Abstract

We consider the problem of how to incorporate in the Support Vector Machine (SVM) framework invariances given by some a priori known transformations under which the data should be invariant. It extends some previous work which was only applicable with linear SVMs and we show on a digit recognition task that the proposed approach is superior to the traditional Virtual Support Vector method.

PostScript [BibTex]

ei Chapelle, O., Schölkopf, B. Incorporating Invariances in Non-Linear Support Vector Machines Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics / Biowulf Technologies, 2001 (techreport)

PostScript [BibTex]

Data cleaning algorithms with applications to micro-array experiments

Weston, J., Chapelle, O., Guyon, I.

Biowulf, 2001 (techreport)

PostScript [BibTex]

ei Weston, J., Chapelle, O., Guyon, I. Data cleaning algorithms with applications to micro-array experiments Biowulf, 2001 (techreport)

PostScript [BibTex]

The psychometric function: I. Fitting, sampling and goodness-of-fit

Wichmann, F., Hill, N.

Perception and Psychophysics, 63 (8), pages: 1293-1313, 2001 (article)

Abstract

The psychometric function relates an observer'sperformance to an independent variable, usually some physical quantity of a stimulus in a psychophysical task. This paper, together with its companion paper (Wichmann & Hill, 2001), describes an integrated approach to (1) fitting psychometric functions, (2) assessing the goodness of fit, and (3) providing confidence intervals for the function'sparameters and other estimates derived from them, for the purposes of hypothesis testing. The present paper deals with the first two topics, describing a constrained maximum-likelihood method of parameter estimation and developing several goodness-of-fit tests. Using Monte Carlo simulations, we deal with two specific difficulties that arise when fitting functions to psychophysical data. First, we note that human observers are prone to stimulus-independent errors (or lapses ). We show that failure to account for this can lead to serious biases in estimates of the psychometric function'sparameters and illustrate how the problem may be overcome. Second, we note that psychophysical data sets are usually rather small by the standards required by most of the commonly applied statistical tests. We demonstrate the potential errors of applying traditional X^2 methods to psychophysical data and advocate use of Monte Carlo resampling techniques that do not rely on asymptotic theory. We have made available the software to implement our methods

PDF [BibTex]

ei Wichmann, F., Hill, N. The psychometric function: I. Fitting, sampling and goodness-of-fit Perception and Psychophysics, 63 (8), pages: 1293-1313, 2001 (article)

PDF [BibTex]

On Unsupervised Learning of Mixtures of Markov Sources

Seldin, Y.

Biologische Kybernetik, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, 2001 (diplomathesis)

PDF [BibTex]

ei Seldin, Y. On Unsupervised Learning of Mixtures of Markov Sources Biologische Kybernetik, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, 2001 (diplomathesis)

PDF [BibTex]

Tracking a Small Set of Experts by Mixing Past Posteriors

Bousquet, O., Warmuth, M.

In Proceedings of the 14th Annual Conference on Computational Learning Theory, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2111, pages: 31-47, Proceedings of the 14th Annual Conference on Computational Learning Theory, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2001 (inproceedings)

Abstract

In this paper, we examine on-line learning problems in which the target concept is allowed to change over time. In each trial a master algorithm receives predictions from a large set of $n$ experts. Its goal is to predict almost as well as the best sequence of such experts chosen off-line by partitioning the training sequence into $k+1$ sections and then choosing the best expert for each section. We build on methods developed by Herbster and Warmuth and consider an open problem posed by Freund where the experts in the best partition are from a small pool of size $m$. Since $k>>m$ the best expert shifts back and forth between the experts of the small pool. We propose algorithms that solve this open problem by mixing the past posteriors maintained by the master algorithm. We relate the number of bits needed for encoding the best partition to the loss bounds of the algorithms. Instead of paying $\log n$ for choosing the best expert in each section we first pay $\log {n\choose m}$ bits in the bounds for identifying the pool of $m$ experts and then $\log m$ bits per new section. In the bounds we also pay twice for encoding the boundaries of the sections.

PDF PostScript [BibTex]

ei Bousquet, O., Warmuth, M. Tracking a Small Set of Experts by Mixing Past Posteriors In Proceedings of the 14th Annual Conference on Computational Learning Theory, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2111, pages: 31-47, Proceedings of the 14th Annual Conference on Computational Learning Theory, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2001 (inproceedings)

PDF PostScript [BibTex]

Learning and Prediction of the Nonlinear Dynamics of Biological Neurons with Support Vector Machines

Frontzek, T., Lal, TN., Eckmiller, R.

In Proceedings of the International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks (ICANN'2001), pages: 390-398, Proceedings of the International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks (ICANN'2001), 2001 (inproceedings)

Abstract

Based on biological data we examine the ability of Support Vector Machines (SVMs) with gaussian kernels to learn and predict the nonlinear dynamics of single biological neurons. We show that SVMs for regression learn the dynamics of the pyloric dilator neuron of the australian crayfish, and we determine the optimal SVM parameters with regard to the test error. Compared to conventional RBF networks, SVMs learned faster and performed a better iterated one-step-ahead prediction with regard to training and test error. From a biological point of view SVMs are especially better in predicting the most important part of the dynamics, where the membranpotential is driven by superimposed synaptic inputs to the threshold for the oscillatory peak.

PDF [BibTex]

ei Frontzek, T., Lal, TN., Eckmiller, R. Learning and Prediction of the Nonlinear Dynamics of Biological Neurons with Support Vector Machines In Proceedings of the International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks (ICANN'2001), pages: 390-398, Proceedings of the International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks (ICANN'2001), 2001 (inproceedings)

PDF [BibTex]

Estimating a Kernel Fisher Discriminant in the Presence of Label Noise

Lawrence, N., Schölkopf, B.

In 18th International Conference on Machine Learning, pages: 306-313, (Editors: CE Brodley and A Pohoreckyj Danyluk), Morgan Kaufmann , San Fransisco, CA, USA, 18th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), 2001 (inproceedings)

Web [BibTex]

ei Lawrence, N., Schölkopf, B. Estimating a Kernel Fisher Discriminant in the Presence of Label Noise In 18th International Conference on Machine Learning, pages: 306-313, (Editors: CE Brodley and A Pohoreckyj Danyluk), Morgan Kaufmann , San Fransisco, CA, USA, 18th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), 2001 (inproceedings)

Web [BibTex]

A Generalized Representer Theorem

Schölkopf, B., Herbrich, R., Smola, A.

In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 2111, (2111):416-426, LNCS, (Editors: D Helmbold and R Williamson), Springer, Berlin, Germany, Annual Conference on Computational Learning Theory (COLT/EuroCOLT), 2001 (inproceedings)

[BibTex]

ei Schölkopf, B., Herbrich, R., Smola, A. A Generalized Representer Theorem In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 2111, (2111):416-426, LNCS, (Editors: D Helmbold and R Williamson), Springer, Berlin, Germany, Annual Conference on Computational Learning Theory (COLT/EuroCOLT), 2001 (inproceedings)

[BibTex]

Extracting egomotion from optic flow: limits of accuracy and neural matched filters

Dahmen, H-J., Franz, MO., Krapp, HG.

In pages: 143-168, Springer, Berlin, 2001 (inbook)

[BibTex]

ei Dahmen, H-J., Franz, MO., Krapp, HG. Extracting egomotion from optic flow: limits of accuracy and neural matched filters In pages: 143-168, Springer, Berlin, 2001 (inbook)

[BibTex]

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