Joachim Gräfe

Research Group Leader

Modern Magnetic Systems

Office: 4E 15
Heisenbergstraße 3
70569
Germany

+49 711 689-1852

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https://publons.com/researcher/1...

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Overview
Publications

My research focusses on magnetization dynamics, especially magnonics, on the nano scale using sophisticated time-resolved x-ray microscopy. With my group, I am involved in both fabrication and characterization of magnonic nano devices as well as developing new techniques for the x-ray microscope MAXYMUS at BESSY II.

42 results (View BibTeX file of all listed publications)

2020

{Creating zero-field skyrmions in exchange-biased multilayers through X-ray illumination}

Creating zero-field skyrmions in exchange-biased multilayers through X-ray illumination

Guang, Y., Bykova, I., Liu, Y., Yu, G., Goering, E., Weigand, M., Gräfe, J., Kim, S. K., Zhang, J., Zhang, H., Yan, Z., Wan, C., Feng, J., Wang, X., Guo, C., Wei, H., Peng, Y., Tserkovnyak, Y., Han, X., Schütz, G.

{Nature Communications}, 11, Nature Publishing Group, London, 2020 (article)

Abstract

Skyrmions, magnetic textures with topological stability, hold promises for high-density and energy-efficient information storage devices owing to their small size and low driving-current density. Precise creation of a single nanoscale skyrmion is a prerequisite to further understand the skyrmion physics and tailor skyrmion-based applications. Here, we demonstrate the creation of individual skyrmions at zero-field in an exchange-biased magnetic multilayer with exposure to soft X-rays. In particular, a single skyrmion with 100-nm size can be created at the desired position using a focused X-ray spot of sub-50-nm size. This single skyrmion creation is driven by the X-ray-induced modification of the antiferromagnetic order and the corresponding exchange bias. Furthermore, artificial skyrmion lattices with various arrangements can be patterned using X-ray. These results demonstrate the potential of accurate optical control of single skyrmion at sub-100 nm scale. We envision that X-ray could serve as a versatile tool for local manipulation of magnetic orders.

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2020

mms Guang, Y., Bykova, I., Liu, Y., Yu, G., Goering, E., Weigand, M., Gräfe, J., Kim, S. K., Zhang, J., Zhang, H., Yan, Z., Wan, C., Feng, J., Wang, X., Guo, C., Wei, H., Peng, Y., Tserkovnyak, Y., Han, X., Schütz, G. Creating zero-field skyrmions in exchange-biased multilayers through X-ray illumination {Nature Communications}, 11, Nature Publishing Group, London, 2020 (article)

{Tuning the magnetic properties of permalloy-based magnetoplasmonic crystals for sensor applications}

Tuning the magnetic properties of permalloy-based magnetoplasmonic crystals for sensor applications

Murzin, D. V., Belyaev, V. K., Groß, F., Gräfe, J., Rivas, M., Rodionova, V. V.

{Japanese Journal of Applied Physics}, 59(SE), IOP Publishing Ltd, Bristol, England, 2020 (article)

Abstract

Miniature magnetic sensors based on magnetoplasmonic crystals (MPlCs) exhibit high sensitivity and high spatial resolution, which can be obtained by the excitation of surface plasmon polaritons. A field dependence of surface plasmon polaritons' enhanced magneto-optical response strongly correlates with magnetic properties of MPlCs that can be tuned by changing spatial parameters, such as the period and height of diffraction gratings and thicknesses of functional layers. This work compares the magnetic properties of MPlCs based on Ni80Fe20 (permalloy) obtained from local (longitudinal magneto-optical Kerr effect) and bulk (vibrating-sample magnetometry) measurements and demonstrates an ability to control sensors' performance through changing the magnetic properties of the MPlCs. The influence of the substrate's geometry (planar or sinusoidal and trapezoidal diffraction grating profiles) and the thickness of the surface layer is examined.

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mms Murzin, D. V., Belyaev, V. K., Groß, F., Gräfe, J., Rivas, M., Rodionova, V. V. Tuning the magnetic properties of permalloy-based magnetoplasmonic crystals for sensor applications {Japanese Journal of Applied Physics}, 59(SE), IOP Publishing Ltd, Bristol, England, 2020 (article)

Magnetic Anisotropy in Thin Layers of (Mn,Zn)Fe2O4 on SrTiO3 (001)

Magnetic Anisotropy in Thin Layers of (Mn,Zn)Fe2O4 on SrTiO3 (001)

Denecke, R., Welke, M., Huth, P., Gräfe, J., Brachwitz, K., Lorenz, M., Grundmann, M., Ziese, M., Esquinazi, P. D., Goering, E., Schütz, G., Schindler, K., Chassé, A.

physica status solidi (b), n/a(n/a):1900627, 2020 (article)

Abstract

Herein, a ferrimagnetic manganese zinc ferrite (Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4) film with a thickness of 200 nm is prepared without a buffer layer on strontium titanate (001) (SrTiO3) using pulsed laser deposition. Its magnetic properties are investigated using superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID), X-ray absorption spectroscopy with subsequent X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) and magneto-optic Kerr effect (MOKE). Hysteresis loops derived from SQUID exhibits bulk-like properties. This can further be confirmed by bulk-like XMCD spectra. In remanent magnetization, an in-plane magnetization with basically no out-of-plane component is found. The magnetic moments derived by the sum rule formalism from the XMCD data are in good agreement to the magnetization observed by SQUID and MOKE. XMCD as well as MOKE reveal an in-plane angular fourfold magnetic anisotropy with the easy direction along [110] for (Mn0.5Zn0.5)Fe2O4 on SrTiO3. The element-specific magnetic moments from XMCD show a stronger contribution of Fe to the anisotropy than of Mn and distinct contributions of the orbital moments.

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link (url) DOI [BibTex]

mms Denecke, R., Welke, M., Huth, P., Gräfe, J., Brachwitz, K., Lorenz, M., Grundmann, M., Ziese, M., Esquinazi, P. D., Goering, E., Schütz, G., Schindler, K., Chassé, A. Magnetic Anisotropy in Thin Layers of (Mn,Zn)Fe2O4 on SrTiO3 (001) physica status solidi (b), n/a(n/a):1900627, 2020 (article)

link (url) DOI [BibTex]

{Thermal nucleation and high-resolution imaging of submicrometer magnetic bubbles in thin thulium iron garnet films with perpendicular anisotropy}

Thermal nucleation and high-resolution imaging of submicrometer magnetic bubbles in thin thulium iron garnet films with perpendicular anisotropy

Büttner, F., Mawass, M. A., Bauer, J., Rosenberg, E., Caretta, L., Avci, C. O., Gräfe, J., Finizio, S., Vaz, C. A. F., Novakovic, N., Weigand, M., Litzius, K., Förster, J., Träger, N., Groß, F., Suzuki, D., Huang, M., Bartell, J., Kronast, F., Raabe, J., Schütz, G., Ross, C. A., Beach, G. S. D.

{Physical Review Materials}, 4(1), American Physical Society, College Park, MD, 2020 (article)

Abstract

Ferrimagnetic iron garnets are promising materials for spintronics applications, characterized by ultralow damping and zero current shunting. It has recently been found that few nm-thick garnet films interfaced with a heavy metal can also exhibit sizable interfacial spin-orbit interactions, leading to the emergence, and efficient electrical control, of one-dimensional chiral domain walls. Two-dimensional bubbles, by contrast, have so far only been confirmed in micrometer-thick films. Here, we show by high resolution scanning transmission x-ray microscopy and photoemission electron microscopy that submicrometer bubbles can be nucleated and stabilized in ∼25-nm-thick thulium iron garnet films via short heat pulses generated by electric current in an adjacent Pt strip, or by ultrafast laser illumination. We also find that quasistatic processes do not lead to the formation of a bubble state, suggesting that the thermodynamic path to reaching that state requires transient dynamics. X-ray imaging reveals that the bubbles have Bloch-type walls with random chirality and topology, indicating negligible chiral interactions at the garnet film thickness studied here. The robustness of thermal nucleation and the feasibility demonstrated here to image garnet-based devices by x-rays both in transmission geometry and with sensitivity to the domain wall chirality are critical steps to enabling the study of small spin textures and dynamics in perpendicularly magnetized thin-film garnets.

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mms Büttner, F., Mawass, M. A., Bauer, J., Rosenberg, E., Caretta, L., Avci, C. O., Gräfe, J., Finizio, S., Vaz, C. A. F., Novakovic, N., Weigand, M., Litzius, K., Förster, J., Träger, N., Groß, F., Suzuki, D., Huang, M., Bartell, J., Kronast, F., Raabe, J., Schütz, G., Ross, C. A., Beach, G. S. D. Thermal nucleation and high-resolution imaging of submicrometer magnetic bubbles in thin thulium iron garnet films with perpendicular anisotropy {Physical Review Materials}, 4(1), American Physical Society, College Park, MD, 2020 (article)

{Real-space imaging of confined magnetic skyrmion tubes}

Real-space imaging of confined magnetic skyrmion tubes

Birch, M. T., Cortés-Ortuño, D., Turnbull, L. A., Wilson, M. N., Groß, F., Träger, N., Laurenson, A., Bukin, N., Moody, S. H., Weigand, M., Schütz, G., Popescu, H., Fan, R., Steadman, P., Verezhak, J. A. T., Balakrishnan, G., Loudon, J. C., Twitchett-Harrison, A. C., Hovorka, O., Fangohr, H., Ogrin, F., Gräfe, J., Hatton, P. D.

Nature Communications, 11, pages: 1726, 2020 (article)

Abstract

Magnetic skyrmions are topologically nontrivial particles with a potential application as information elements in future spintronic device architectures. While they are commonly portrayed as two dimensional objects, in reality magnetic skyrmions are thought to exist as elongated, tube-like objects extending through the thickness of the host material. The study of this skyrmion tube state (SkT) is vital for furthering the understanding of skyrmion formation and dynamics for future applications. However, direct experimental imaging of skyrmion tubes has yet to be reported. Here, we demonstrate the real-space observation of skyrmion tubes in a lamella of FeGe using resonant magnetic x-ray imaging and comparative micromagnetic simulations, confirming their extended structure. The formation of these structures at the edge of the sample highlights the importance of confinement and edge effects in the stabilisation of the SkT state, opening the door to further investigation into this unexplored dimension of the skyrmion spin texture.

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link (url) DOI [BibTex]

mms Birch, M. T., Cortés-Ortuño, D., Turnbull, L. A., Wilson, M. N., Groß, F., Träger, N., Laurenson, A., Bukin, N., Moody, S. H., Weigand, M., Schütz, G., Popescu, H., Fan, R., Steadman, P., Verezhak, J. A. T., Balakrishnan, G., Loudon, J. C., Twitchett-Harrison, A. C., Hovorka, O., Fangohr, H., Ogrin, F., Gräfe, J., Hatton, P. D. Real-space imaging of confined magnetic skyrmion tubes Nature Communications, 11, pages: 1726, 2020 (article)

link (url) DOI [BibTex]

2019

{Direct observation of coherent magnons with suboptical wavelengths in a single-crystalline ferrimagnetic insulator}

Direct observation of coherent magnons with suboptical wavelengths in a single-crystalline ferrimagnetic insulator

Förster, J., Gräfe, J., Bailey, J., Finizio, S., Träger, N., Groß, F., Mayr, S., Stoll, H., Dubs, C., Surzhenko, O., Liebing, N., Woltersdorf, G., Raabe, J., Weigand, M., Schütz, G., Wintz, S.

{Physical Review B}, 100(21), American Physical Society, Woodbury, NY, 2019 (article)

Abstract

Spin-wave dynamics were studied in an extended thin film of single-crystalline yttrium iron garnet using time-resolved scanning transmission x-ray microscopy. A combination of mechanical grinding and focused ion beam milling has been utilized to achieve a soft x-ray transparent thickness of the underlying bulk gadolinium gallium garnet substrate. Damon-Eshbach type spin waves down to about 100 nm wavelength have been directly imaged in real space for varying frequencies and external magnetic fields. The dispersion relation extracted from the experimental data agreed well with theoretical predictions. A significant influence of the ion milling process on the local magnetic properties was not detected.

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2019

mms Förster, J., Gräfe, J., Bailey, J., Finizio, S., Träger, N., Groß, F., Mayr, S., Stoll, H., Dubs, C., Surzhenko, O., Liebing, N., Woltersdorf, G., Raabe, J., Weigand, M., Schütz, G., Wintz, S. Direct observation of coherent magnons with suboptical wavelengths in a single-crystalline ferrimagnetic insulator {Physical Review B}, 100(21), American Physical Society, Woodbury, NY, 2019 (article)

{Nanoscale detection of spin wave deflection angles in permalloy}

Nanoscale detection of spin wave deflection angles in permalloy

Gross, F., Träger, N., Förster, J., Weigand, M., Schütz, G., Gräfe, J.

{Applied Physics Letters}, 114(1), American Institute of Physics, Melville, NY, 2019 (article)

Abstract

Magnonics is a potential candidate for beyond CMOS and neuromorphic computing technologies with advanced phase encoded logic. However, nanoscale imaging of spin waves with full phase and magnetization amplitude information is a challenge. We show a generalized scanning transmission x-ray microscopy platform to get a complete understanding of spin waves, including the k-vector, phase, and absolute magnetization deflection angle. As an example, this is demonstrated using a 50 nm thin permalloy film where we find a maximum deflection angle of 1.5° and good agreement with the k-vector dispersion previously reported in the literature. With a spatial resolution approximately ten times better than any other methods for spin wave imaging, x-ray microscopy opens a vast range of possibilities for the observation of spin waves and various magnetic structures.

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mms Gross, F., Träger, N., Förster, J., Weigand, M., Schütz, G., Gräfe, J. Nanoscale detection of spin wave deflection angles in permalloy {Applied Physics Letters}, 114(1), American Institute of Physics, Melville, NY, 2019 (article)

{gFORC: A graphics processing unit accelerated first-order reversal-curve calculator}

gFORC: A graphics processing unit accelerated first-order reversal-curve calculator

Groß, F., Martínez-García, J. C., Ilse, S. E., Schütz, G., Goering, E., Rivas, M., Gräfe, J.

{Journal of Applied Physics}, 126(16), AIP Publishing, New York, NY, 2019 (article)

Abstract

First-order reversal-curves have proven to be an indispensable characterization tool for physics as well as for geology. However, the conventional evaluation algorithm requires a lot of computational effort for a comparable easy task to overcome measurement noise. In this work, we present a new evaluation approach, which exploits the diversity of Fourier space to not only speed up the calculation by a factor of 1000 but also move away from the conventional smoothing factor toward real field resolution. By comparing the baseline resolution of the new and the old algorithm, we are able to deduce an analytical equation that converts the smoothing factor into field resolution, making the old and new algorithm comparable. We find excellent agreement not only for various systems of increasing complexity but also over a large range of smoothing factors. The achieved speedup enables us to calculate a large number of first-order reversal-curve diagrams with increasing smoothing factor allowing for an autocorrelation approach to find a hard criterion for the optimum smoothing factor. This previously computational prohibitive evaluation of first-order reversal-curves solves the problem of over- and undersmoothing by increasing general readability and preventing information destruction.

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mms Groß, F., Martínez-García, J. C., Ilse, S. E., Schütz, G., Goering, E., Rivas, M., Gräfe, J. gFORC: A graphics processing unit accelerated first-order reversal-curve calculator {Journal of Applied Physics}, 126(16), AIP Publishing, New York, NY, 2019 (article)

{Coherent excitation of heterosymmetric spin waves with ultrashort wavelengths}

Coherent excitation of heterosymmetric spin waves with ultrashort wavelengths

Dieterle, G., Förster, J., Stoll, H., Semisalova, A. S., Finizio, S., Gangwar, A., Weigand, M., Noske, M., Fähnle, M., Bykova, I., Gräfe, J., Bozhko, D. A., Musiienko-Shmarova, H. Y., Tiberkevich, V., Slavin, A. N., Back, C. H., Raabe, J., Schütz, G., Wintz, S.

{Physical Review Letters}, 122(11), American Physical Society, Woodbury, N.Y., 2019 (article)

Abstract

In the emerging field of magnonics, spin waves are foreseen as signal carriers for future spintronic information processing and communication devices, owing to both the very low power losses and a high device miniaturization potential predicted for short-wavelength spin waves. Yet, the efficient excitation and controlled propagation of nanoscale spin waves remains a severe challenge. Here, we report the observation of high-amplitude, ultrashort dipole-exchange spin waves (down to 80 nm wavelength at 10 GHz frequency) in a ferromagnetic single layer system, coherently excited by the driven dynamics of a spin vortex core. We used time-resolved x-ray microscopy to directly image such propagating spin waves and their excitation over a wide range of frequencies. By further analysis, we found that these waves exhibit a heterosymmetric mode profile, involving regions with anti-Larmor precession sense and purely linear magnetic oscillation. In particular, this mode profile consists of dynamic vortices with laterally alternating helicity, leading to a partial magnetic flux closure over the film thickness, which is explained by a strong and unexpected mode hybridization. This spin-wave phenomenon observed is a general effect inherent to the dynamics of sufficiently thick ferromagnetic single layer films, independent of the specific excitation method employed.

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mms Dieterle, G., Förster, J., Stoll, H., Semisalova, A. S., Finizio, S., Gangwar, A., Weigand, M., Noske, M., Fähnle, M., Bykova, I., Gräfe, J., Bozhko, D. A., Musiienko-Shmarova, H. Y., Tiberkevich, V., Slavin, A. N., Back, C. H., Raabe, J., Schütz, G., Wintz, S. Coherent excitation of heterosymmetric spin waves with ultrashort wavelengths {Physical Review Letters}, 122(11), American Physical Society, Woodbury, N.Y., 2019 (article)

Reprogrammability and Scalability of Magnonic Fibonacci Quasicrystals

Reprogrammability and Scalability of Magnonic Fibonacci Quasicrystals

Lisiecki, F., Rychły, J., Kuświk, P., Głowiński, H., Kłos, J. W., Groß, F., Bykova, I., Weigand, M., Zelent, M., Goering, E. J., Schütz, G., Gubbiotti, G., Krawczyk, M., Stobiecki, F., Dubowik, J., Gräfe, J.

Physical Review Applied, 11, pages: 054003, 2019 (article)

Abstract

Magnonic crystals are systems that can be used to design and tune the dynamic properties of magnetization. Here, we focus on one-dimensional Fibonacci magnonic quasicrystals. We confirm the existence of collective spin waves propagating through the structure as well as dispersionless modes; the reprogammability of the resonance frequencies, dependent on the magnetization order; and dynamic spin-wave interactions. With the fundamental understanding of these properties, we lay a foundation for the scalable and advanced design of spin-wave band structures for spintronic, microwave, and magnonic applications.

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link (url) DOI [BibTex]

mms Lisiecki, F., Rychły, J., Kuświk, P., Głowiński, H., Kłos, J. W., Groß, F., Bykova, I., Weigand, M., Zelent, M., Goering, E. J., Schütz, G., Gubbiotti, G., Krawczyk, M., Stobiecki, F., Dubowik, J., Gräfe, J. Reprogrammability and Scalability of Magnonic Fibonacci Quasicrystals Physical Review Applied, 11, pages: 054003, 2019 (article)

link (url) DOI [BibTex]

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Reconfigurable nanoscale spin wave majority gate with frequency-division multiplexing

Talmelli, G., Devolder, T., Träger, N., Förster, J., Wintz, S., Weigand, M., Stoll, H., Heyns, M., Schütz, G., Radu, I., Gräfe, J., Ciubotaru, F., Adelmann, C.

2019 (misc)

Abstract

Spin waves are excitations in ferromagnetic media that have been proposed as information carriers in spintronic devices with potentially much lower operation power than conventional charge-based electronics. The wave nature of spin waves can be exploited to design majority gates by coding information in their phase and using interference for computation. However, a scalable spin wave majority gate design that can be co-integrated alongside conventional Si-based electronics is still lacking. Here, we demonstrate a reconfigurable nanoscale inline spin wave majority gate with ultrasmall footprint, frequency-division multiplexing, and fan-out. Time-resolved imaging of the magnetisation dynamics by scanning transmission x-ray microscopy reveals the operation mode of the device and validates the full logic majority truth table. All-electrical spin wave spectroscopy further demonstrates spin wave majority gates with sub-micron dimensions, sub-micron spin wave wavelengths, and reconfigurable input and output ports. We also show that interference-based computation allows for frequency-division multiplexing as well as the computation of different logic functions in the same device. Such devices can thus form the foundation of a future spin-wave-based superscalar vector computing platform.

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link (url) [BibTex]

mms Talmelli, G., Devolder, T., Träger, N., Förster, J., Wintz, S., Weigand, M., Stoll, H., Heyns, M., Schütz, G., Radu, I., Gräfe, J., Ciubotaru, F., Adelmann, C. Reconfigurable nanoscale spin wave majority gate with frequency-division multiplexing 2019 (misc)

link (url) [BibTex]

Magnons in a Quasicrystal: Propagation, Extinction, and Localization of Spin Waves in Fibonacci Structures

Magnons in a Quasicrystal: Propagation, Extinction, and Localization of Spin Waves in Fibonacci Structures

Lisiecki, F., Rychły, J., Kuświk, P., Głowiński, H., Kłos, J. W., Groß, F., Träger, N., Bykova, I., Weigand, M., Zelent, M., Goering, E. J., Schütz, G., Krawczyk, M., Stobiecki, F., Dubowik, J., Gräfe, J.

Physical Review Applied, 11, pages: 054061, 2019 (article)

Abstract

Magnonic quasicrystals exceed the possibilities of spin-wave (SW) manipulation offered by regular magnonic crystals, because of their more complex SW spectra with fractal characteristics. Here, we report the direct x-ray microscopic observation of propagating SWs in a magnonic quasicrystal, consisting of dipolar coupled permalloy nanowires arranged in a one-dimensional Fibonacci sequence. SWs from the first and second band as well as evanescent waves from the band gap between them are imaged. Moreover, additional mini band gaps in the spectrum are demonstrated, directly indicating an influence of the quasiperiodicity of the system. Finally, the localization of SW modes within the Fibonacci crystal is shown. The experimental results are interpreted using numerical calculations and we deduce a simple model to estimate the frequency position of the magnonic gaps in quasiperiodic structures. The demonstrated features of SW spectra in one-dimensional magnonic quasicrystals allow utilizing this class of metamaterials for magnonics and make them an ideal basis for future applications.

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link (url) DOI [BibTex]

mms Lisiecki, F., Rychły, J., Kuświk, P., Głowiński, H., Kłos, J. W., Groß, F., Träger, N., Bykova, I., Weigand, M., Zelent, M., Goering, E. J., Schütz, G., Krawczyk, M., Stobiecki, F., Dubowik, J., Gräfe, J. Magnons in a Quasicrystal: Propagation, Extinction, and Localization of Spin Waves in Fibonacci Structures Physical Review Applied, 11, pages: 054061, 2019 (article)

link (url) DOI [BibTex]

{Nanoscale X-ray imaging of spin dynamics in Yttrium iron garnet}

Nanoscale X-ray imaging of spin dynamics in Yttrium iron garnet

Förster, J., Wintz, S., Bailey, J., Finizio, S., Josten, E., Meertens, D., Dubs, C., Bozhko, D. A., Stoll, H., Dieterle, G., Traeger, N., Raabe, J., Slavin, A. N., Weigand, M., Gräfe, J., Schütz, G.

Journal of Applied Physics, 126, 2019 (article)

Abstract

Time-resolved scanning transmission x-ray microscopy has been used for the direct imaging of spin-wave dynamics in a thin film yttrium iron garnet (YIG) with sub-200 nm spatial resolution. Application of this x-ray transmission technique to single-crystalline garnet films was achieved by extracting a lamella (13×5×0.185 μm3) of the liquid phase epitaxy grown YIG thin film out of a gadolinium gallium garnet substrate. Spin waves in the sample were measured along the Damon-Eshbach and backward volume directions of propagation at gigahertz frequencies and with wavelengths in a range between 200 nm and 10 μm. The results were compared to theoretical models. Here, the widely used approximate dispersion equation for dipole-exchange spin waves proved to be insufficient for describing the observed Damon-Eshbach type modes. For achieving an accurate description, we made use of the full analytical theory taking mode-hybridization effects into account.

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link (url) DOI [BibTex]

mms Förster, J., Wintz, S., Bailey, J., Finizio, S., Josten, E., Meertens, D., Dubs, C., Bozhko, D. A., Stoll, H., Dieterle, G., Traeger, N., Raabe, J., Slavin, A. N., Weigand, M., Gräfe, J., Schütz, G. Nanoscale X-ray imaging of spin dynamics in Yttrium iron garnet Journal of Applied Physics, 126, 2019 (article)

link (url) DOI [BibTex]

{Vizualizing nanoscale spin waves using MAXYMUS}

Vizualizing nanoscale spin waves using MAXYMUS

Gräfe, J., Weigand, M., Van Waeyenberge, B., Gangwar, A., Groß, F., Lisiecki, F., Rychly, J., Stoll, H., Träger, N., Förster, J., Stobiecki, F., Dubowik, J., Klos, H., Krwaczyk, M., Back, C. H., Goering, E. J., Schütz, G.

{Proceedings of SPIE}, 11090, SPIE, Bellingham, Washington, 2019 (article)

Abstract

Magnonics research, i.e. the manipulation of spin waves for information processing, is a topic of intense research interest in the past years. FMR, BLS and MOKE measurements lead to tremendous success and advancement of the field. However, these methods are limited in their spatial resolution. X-ray microscopy opens up a way to push to spatial resolutions below 100 nm. Here, we discuss the methodology of STXM for pump-probe data acquisition with single photon counting and arbitrary excitation patterns. Furthermore, we showcase these capabilities using two magnonic crystals as examples: an antidot lattice and a Fibonacci quasicrystal.

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mms Gräfe, J., Weigand, M., Van Waeyenberge, B., Gangwar, A., Groß, F., Lisiecki, F., Rychly, J., Stoll, H., Träger, N., Förster, J., Stobiecki, F., Dubowik, J., Klos, H., Krwaczyk, M., Back, C. H., Goering, E. J., Schütz, G. Vizualizing nanoscale spin waves using MAXYMUS {Proceedings of SPIE}, 11090, SPIE, Bellingham, Washington, 2019 (article)

{Interpreting first-order reversal curves beyond the Preisach model: An experimental permalloy microarray investigation}

Interpreting first-order reversal curves beyond the Preisach model: An experimental permalloy microarray investigation

Groß, F., Ilse, S. E., Schütz, G., Gräfe, J., Goering, E.

{Physical Review B}, 99(6), American Physical Society, Woodbury, NY, 2019 (article)

Abstract

First-order reversal curves (FORCs) are a powerful tool to separate microscopic coercivities and interactions in a system without the need for lateral resolution. However, measured FORC densities are not always straightforward to interpret, especially if the system is interaction dominated and the Preisach-like interpretation of the FORC density breaks down. This is why FORC is often seen as a magnetic fingerprint instead of a measurement method yielding quantitative information. To understand additional features arising from the interactions in the system, we purposely designed permalloy microstructures which violate the Mayergoyz criteria. These artificial systems allow us to isolate the origin of an additional interaction peak in the FORC density. Modeling the system as a superposition of dipoles allows us to extract interaction strength parameters from this static simulation. Additionally, we suggest a linear relation between integrated interaction peak volume and interaction strength within the system. The presented correlation could be used to investigate the interaction behavior of samples as a function of structural parameters within a series of FORC measurements. This is an important step towards a more quantitative understanding of FORCs which violate the Mayergoyz criteria and away from a fingerprint interpretation.

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mms Groß, F., Ilse, S. E., Schütz, G., Gräfe, J., Goering, E. Interpreting first-order reversal curves beyond the Preisach model: An experimental permalloy microarray investigation {Physical Review B}, 99(6), American Physical Society, Woodbury, NY, 2019 (article)

Bistability of magnetic states in Fe-Pd nanocap arrays

Bistability of magnetic states in Fe-Pd nanocap arrays

Aravind, P. B., Heigl, M., Fix, M., Groß, F., Gräfe, J., Mary, A., Rajgowrav, C. R., Krupiński, M., Marszałek, M., Thomas, S., Anantharaman, M. R., Albrecht, M.

Nanotechnology, 30, pages: 405705, 2019 (article)

Abstract

Magnetic bistability between vortex and single domain states in nanostructures are of great interest from both fundamental and technological perspectives. In soft magnetic nanostructures, the transition from a uniform collinear magnetic state to a vortex state (or vice versa) induced by a magnetic field involves an energy barrier. If the thermal energy is large enough for overcoming this energy barrier, magnetic bistability with a hysteresis-free switching occurs between the two magnetic states. In this work, we tune this energy barrier by tailoring the composition of FePd alloys, which were deposited onto self-assembled particle arrays forming magnetic vortex structures on top of the particles. The bifurcation temperature, where a hysteresis-free transition occurs, was extracted from the temperature dependence of the annihilation and nucleation field which increases almost linearly with Fe content of the magnetic alloy. This study provides insights into the magnetization reversal process associated with magnetic bistability, which allows adjusting the bifurcation temperature range by the material properties of the nanosystem.

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link (url) [BibTex]

mms Aravind, P. B., Heigl, M., Fix, M., Groß, F., Gräfe, J., Mary, A., Rajgowrav, C. R., Krupiński, M., Marszałek, M., Thomas, S., Anantharaman, M. R., Albrecht, M. Bistability of magnetic states in Fe-Pd nanocap arrays Nanotechnology, 30, pages: 405705, 2019 (article)

link (url) [BibTex]

Anatomy of Skyrmionic Textures in Magnetic Multilayers

Anatomy of Skyrmionic Textures in Magnetic Multilayers

Li, W., Bykova, I., Zhang, S., Yu, G., Tomasello, R., Carpentieri, M., Liu, Y., Guang, Y., Gräfe, J., Weigand, M., Burn, D. M., Laan, G. V. D., Hesjedal, T., Yan, Z., Feng, J., Wan, C., Wei, J., Wang, X., Zhang, X., Xu, H., Guo, C., Wei, H., Finocchio, G., Han, X., Schütz, G.

Advanced Materials, 31, pages: 1807683, 2019 (article)

Abstract

Room temperature magnetic skyrmions in magnetic multilayers are considered as information carriers for future spintronic applications. Currently, a detailed understanding of the skyrmion stabilization mechanisms is still lacking in these systems. To gain more insight, it is first and foremost essential to determine the full real‐space spin configuration. Here, two advanced X‐ray techniques are applied, based on magnetic circular dichroism, to investigate the spin textures of skyrmions in [Ta/CoFeB/MgO]n multilayers. First, by using ptychography, a high‐resolution diffraction imaging technique, the 2D out‐of‐plane spin profile of skyrmions with a spatial resolution of 10 nm is determined. Second, by performing circular dichroism in resonant elastic X‐ray scattering, it is demonstrated that the chirality of the magnetic structure undergoes a depth‐dependent evolution. This suggests that the skyrmion structure is a complex 3D structure rather than an identical planar texture throughout the layer stack. The analyses of the spin textures confirm the theoretical predictions that the dipole–dipole interactions together with the external magnetic field play an important role in stabilizing sub‐100 nm diameter skyrmions and the hybrid structure of the skyrmion domain wall. This combined X‐ray‐based approach opens the door for in‐depth studies of magnetic skyrmion systems, which allows for precise engineering of optimized skyrmion heterostructures.

mms

link (url) DOI [BibTex]

mms Li, W., Bykova, I., Zhang, S., Yu, G., Tomasello, R., Carpentieri, M., Liu, Y., Guang, Y., Gräfe, J., Weigand, M., Burn, D. M., Laan, G. V. D., Hesjedal, T., Yan, Z., Feng, J., Wan, C., Wei, J., Wang, X., Zhang, X., Xu, H., Guo, C., Wei, H., Finocchio, G., Han, X., Schütz, G. Anatomy of Skyrmionic Textures in Magnetic Multilayers Advanced Materials, 31, pages: 1807683, 2019 (article)

link (url) DOI [BibTex]

2018

{Direct observation of Zhang-Li torque expansion of magnetic droplet solitons}

Direct observation of Zhang-Li torque expansion of magnetic droplet solitons

Chung, S., Tuan Le, Q., Ahlberg, M., Awad, A. A., Weigand, M., Bykova, I., Khymyn, R., Dvornik, M., Mazraati, H., Houshang, A., Jiang, S., Nguyen, T. N. A., Goering, E., Schütz, G., Gräfe, J., \AAkerman, J.

{Physical Review Letters}, 120(21), American Physical Society, Woodbury, N.Y., 2018 (article)

Abstract

Magnetic droplets are nontopological dynamical solitons that can be nucleated in nanocontact based spin torque nano-oscillators (STNOs) with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy free layers. While theory predicts that the droplet should be of the same size as the nanocontact, its inherent drift instability has thwarted attempts at observing it directly using microscopy techniques. Here, we demonstrate highly stable magnetic droplets in all-perpendicular STNOs and present the first detailed droplet images using scanning transmission X-ray microscopy. In contrast to theoretical predictions, we find that the droplet diameter is about twice as large as the nanocontact. By extending the original droplet theory to properly account for the lateral current spread underneath the nanocontact, we show that the large discrepancy primarily arises from current-in-plane Zhang-Li torque adding an outward pressure on the droplet perimeter. Electrical measurements on droplets nucleated using a reversed current in the antiparallel state corroborate this picture.

mms

2018

mms Chung, S., Tuan Le, Q., Ahlberg, M., Awad, A. A., Weigand, M., Bykova, I., Khymyn, R., Dvornik, M., Mazraati, H., Houshang, A., Jiang, S., Nguyen, T. N. A., Goering, E., Schütz, G., Gräfe, J., \AAkerman, J. Direct observation of Zhang-Li torque expansion of magnetic droplet solitons {Physical Review Letters}, 120(21), American Physical Society, Woodbury, N.Y., 2018 (article)

{Transmission x-ray microscopy at low temperatures: Irregular supercurrent flow at small length scales}

Transmission x-ray microscopy at low temperatures: Irregular supercurrent flow at small length scales

Simmendinger, J., Ruoss, S., Stahl, C., Weigand, M., Gräfe, J., Schütz, G., Albrecht, J.

{Physical Review B}, 97(13), American Physical Society, Woodbury, NY, 2018 (article)

Abstract

Scanning transmission x-ray microscopy has been used to image electric currents in superconducting films at temperatures down to 20 K. We detect significant deviations from a regular current path driven by macroscopic geometrical constraints. The magnetic stray field of supercurrents in a thin YBaCuO film is mapped into a soft-magnetic coating of permalloy. The so-created local magnetization of the ferromagnetic film can be detected by dichroic absorption of polarized x rays. To enable high-quality measurements in transmission geometry, the whole heterostructure of ferromagnet, superconductor, and single-crystalline substrate has been thinned to an overall thickness of less than 1 µm. With this technique, local supercurrents can be analyzed in a wide range of temperatures and magnetic fields. The less than 100 nm spatial resolution of the magnetic signal together with simultaneously obtained nanostructural data allow the correlation of local supercurrents with the micro- and nanostructure of the superconducting film.

mms

mms Simmendinger, J., Ruoss, S., Stahl, C., Weigand, M., Gräfe, J., Schütz, G., Albrecht, J. Transmission x-ray microscopy at low temperatures: Irregular supercurrent flow at small length scales {Physical Review B}, 97(13), American Physical Society, Woodbury, NY, 2018 (article)

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Direct observations of sub-100 nm spin wave propagation in magnonic wave-guides

Träger, N., Gruszecki, P., Lisiecki, F., Förster, J., Weigand, M., Kuswik, P., Dubowik, J., Schütz, G., Krawczyk, M., Gräfe, J.

In 2018 IEEE International Magnetics Conference (INTERMAG 2018), IEEE, Singapore, 2018 (inproceedings)

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mms Träger, N., Gruszecki, P., Lisiecki, F., Förster, J., Weigand, M., Kuswik, P., Dubowik, J., Schütz, G., Krawczyk, M., Gräfe, J. Direct observations of sub-100 nm spin wave propagation in magnonic wave-guides In 2018 IEEE International Magnetics Conference (INTERMAG 2018), IEEE, Singapore, 2018 (inproceedings)

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Interpreting FORC diagrams beyond the Preisach model: an experimental permalloy micro array investigation

Gross, F., Ilse, S., Schütz, G., Gräfe, J., Goering, E.

In 2018 IEEE International Magnetics Conference (INTERMAG 2018), IEEE, Singapore, 2018 (inproceedings)

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mms Gross, F., Ilse, S., Schütz, G., Gräfe, J., Goering, E. Interpreting FORC diagrams beyond the Preisach model: an experimental permalloy micro array investigation In 2018 IEEE International Magnetics Conference (INTERMAG 2018), IEEE, Singapore, 2018 (inproceedings)

2017

{Temperature-dependent first-order reversal curve measurements on unusually hard magnetic low-temperature phase of MnBi}

Temperature-dependent first-order reversal curve measurements on unusually hard magnetic low-temperature phase of MnBi

Muralidhar, S., Gräfe, J., Chen, Y., Etter, M., Gregori, G., Ener, S., Sawatzki, S., Hono, K., Gutfleisch, O., Kronmüller, H., Schütz, G., Goering, E. J.

{Physical Review B}, 95(2), American Physical Society, Woodbury, NY, 2017 (article)

Abstract

We have performed first-order reversal curve (FORC) measurements to investigate the irreversible magnetization processes in the low-temperature phase of MnBi. Using temperature-dependent FORC analysis, we are able to provide a clear insight into the effects of microstructural parameters such as grain diameter, shape, and surface composition on the coercivity of nucleation hardened permanent magnet MnBi. FORC diagrams of MnBi show a unique broadening and narrowing of the coercive field distribution with increasing temperature. We were able to microscopically identify the reason for this behavior, based on the shift in the single domain critical diameter from nearly 1 to 2 μm, thereby changing the dependence of coercivity with particle size. This is based on a strong increase in the uniaxial anisotropy constant with increasing temperature. Furthermore, the results also give an additional confirmation that the magnetic hardening in low-temperature phase MnBi occurs due to nucleation mechanisms. In our case, we show that temperature-dependent FORC measurements provide a powerful tool for the microscopic understanding of high-performance permanent magnet systems.

mms

DOI Project Page [BibTex]

2017

mms Muralidhar, S., Gräfe, J., Chen, Y., Etter, M., Gregori, G., Ener, S., Sawatzki, S., Hono, K., Gutfleisch, O., Kronmüller, H., Schütz, G., Goering, E. J. Temperature-dependent first-order reversal curve measurements on unusually hard magnetic low-temperature phase of MnBi {Physical Review B}, 95(2), American Physical Society, Woodbury, NY, 2017 (article)

DOI Project Page [BibTex]

{Advanced magneto-optical Kerr effect measurements of superconductors at low temperatures}

Advanced magneto-optical Kerr effect measurements of superconductors at low temperatures

Stahl, C., Gräfe, J., Ruoß, S., Zahn, P., Bayer, J., Simmendinger, J., Schütz, G., Albrecht, J.

{AIP Advances}, 7(10), 2017 (article)

Abstract

Magneto-optical Kerr-effect (MOKE) measurements of superconducting films with soft-magnetic coatings are performed at low temperatures using a laser-based MOKE set-up. An elaborate measurement scheme with internal reference allows the quantitative comparison of the temperature dependent Kerr-amplitude with the magnetic field generated by supercurrents. For this purpose, an amorphous CoFeB thin film exhibiting a large Kerr-signal is deposited directly on top of the YBCO superconductor acting as field sensing layer. It is shown that the resulting magnetic hysteresis loops of the soft-magnetic film can be used to reconstruct the electric properties of the superconductor.

mms

mms Stahl, C., Gräfe, J., Ruoß, S., Zahn, P., Bayer, J., Simmendinger, J., Schütz, G., Albrecht, J. Advanced magneto-optical Kerr effect measurements of superconductors at low temperatures {AIP Advances}, 7(10), 2017 (article)

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X-ray microscopy of spin wave focusing using a Fresnel zone plate

Gräfe, J., Decker, M., Keskinbora, K., Noske, M., Gawronski, P., Stoll, H., Back, C. H., Goering, E. J., Schütz, G.

2017 (misc)

mms

link (url) [BibTex]

mms Gräfe, J., Decker, M., Keskinbora, K., Noske, M., Gawronski, P., Stoll, H., Back, C. H., Goering, E. J., Schütz, G. X-ray microscopy of spin wave focusing using a Fresnel zone plate 2017 (misc)

link (url) [BibTex]

2016

{Coercivity scaling in antidot lattices in Fe, Ni, and NiFe thin films}

Coercivity scaling in antidot lattices in Fe, Ni, and NiFe thin films

Gräfe, J., Schütz, G., Goering, E. J.

{Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials}, 419, pages: 517-520, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 2016 (article)

Abstract

Antidot lattices can be used to artificially engineer magnetic properties in thin films, however, a conclusive model that describes the coercivity enhancement in this class of magnetic nano-structures has so far not been found. We prepared Fe, Ni, and NiFe thin films and patterned each with 21 square antidot lattices with different geometric parameters and measured their hysteretic behavior. On the basis of this extensive dataset we are able to provide a model that can describe both the coercivity scaling over a wide range of geometric lattice parameters and the influence of different materials.

mms

DOI Project Page [BibTex]

2016

mms Gräfe, J., Schütz, G., Goering, E. J. Coercivity scaling in antidot lattices in Fe, Ni, and NiFe thin films {Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials}, 419, pages: 517-520, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 2016 (article)

DOI Project Page [BibTex]

γ‐Conicein und Coniin aus Geflecktem Schierling

γ‐Conicein und Coniin aus Geflecktem Schierling

Puidokait, M., Graefe, J., Sehl, A., Steinke, K., Siehl, H., Zeller, K., Sicker, D., Berger, S.

Chemie in unserer Zeit, 50(6):382-391, 2016 (article)

Abstract

Sokrates ist das bekannteste Opfer eines 399 v.d.Z. in Athen mit dem Schierlingsbecher vollstreckten Todesurteils. Tödlich giftig wirkten darin Alkaloide wie γ‐Conicein und Coniin, die nach Mäuseurin riechen. Schaudern macht, dass dieses Gift sein Opfer allmählich bei vollem Bewusstsein lähmt und dass es kein Gegengift gibt. Auch für Tiere auf der Weide ist Gefleckter Schierling stark giftig. Daher verdrängt die Landwirtschaft den Schierling. Coniin war das erste synthetisierte Alkaloid (Ladenburg, 1886). Schierlingsgifte werden heute nicht medizinisch angewendet. Wir beschreiben die Isolierung von γ‐Conicein und Coniin aus angebautem und wildem Gefleckten Schierling und analysieren ihre Struktur spektroskopisch. Dieser Artikel gehört zur Reihe über die Isolierung und Spektroskopie von Naturstoffen und ergänzt die Kapitel des Buchs “Classics in Spectroscopy” von S. Berger und D. Sicker (Wiley‐VCH 2009). Er beruht auf studentischen Arbeiten ebenso wie auf unserem präparativen Engagement als sie betreuende Wissenschaftler.

mms

mms Puidokait, M., Graefe, J., Sehl, A., Steinke, K., Siehl, H., Zeller, K., Sicker, D., Berger, S. γ‐Conicein und Coniin aus Geflecktem Schierling Chemie in unserer Zeit, 50(6):382-391, 2016 (article)

${Statische und dynamische Magnetisierungseigenschaften nanoskaliger \"Uberstrukturen}$

Statische und dynamische Magnetisierungseigenschaften nanoskaliger Überstrukturen

Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart (und Cuvillier Verlag, Göttingen), 2016 (phdthesis)

mms

mms Gräfe, J. Statische und dynamische Magnetisierungseigenschaften nanoskaliger Überstrukturen Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart (und Cuvillier Verlag, Göttingen), 2016 (phdthesis)

{Geometric control of the magnetization reversal in antidot lattices with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy}

Geometric control of the magnetization reversal in antidot lattices with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy

Gräfe, J., Weigand, M., Träger, N., Schütz, G., Goering, E. J., Skripnik, M., Nowak, U., Haering, F., Ziemann, P., Wiedwald, U.

{Physical Review B}, 93(10), American Physical Society, Woodbury, NY, 2016 (article)

Abstract

While the magnetic properties of nanoscaled antidot lattices in in-plane magnetized materials have widely been investigated, much less is known about the microscopic effect of hexagonal antidot lattice patterning on materials with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. By using a combination of first-order reversal curve measurements, magnetic x-ray microscopy, and micromagnetic simulations we elucidate the microscopic origins of the switching field distributions that arise from the introduction of antidot lattices into out-of-plane magnetized GdFe thin films. Depending on the geometric parameters of the antidot lattice we find two regimes with different magnetization reversal processes. For small antidots, the reversal process is dominated by the exchange interaction and domain wall pinning at the antidots drives up the coercivity of the system. On the other hand, for large antidots the dipolar interaction is dominating which leads to fragmentation of the system into very small domains that can be envisaged as a basis for a bit patterned media.

mms

DOI Project Page Project Page [BibTex]

mms Gräfe, J., Weigand, M., Träger, N., Schütz, G., Goering, E. J., Skripnik, M., Nowak, U., Haering, F., Ziemann, P., Wiedwald, U. Geometric control of the magnetization reversal in antidot lattices with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy {Physical Review B}, 93(10), American Physical Society, Woodbury, NY, 2016 (article)

DOI Project Page Project Page [BibTex]

{Magnetic switching of nanoscale antidot lattices}

Magnetic switching of nanoscale antidot lattices

Wiedwald, U., Gräfe, J., Lebecki, K. M., Skripnik, M., Haering, F., Schütz, G., Ziemann, P., Goering, E., Nowak, U.

{Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology}, 7, pages: 733-750, Beilstein-Institut, Frankfurt am Main, 2016 (article)

Abstract

We investigate the rich magnetic switching properties of nanoscale antidot lattices in the 200 nm regime. In-plane magnetized Fe, Co, and Permalloy (Py) as well as out-of-plane magnetized GdFe antidot films are prepared by a modified nanosphere lithography allowing for non-close packed voids in a magnetic film. We present a magnetometry protocol based on magneto-optical Kerr microscopy elucidating the switching modes using first-order reversal curves. The combination of various magnetometry and magnetic microscopy techniques as well as micromagnetic simulations delivers a thorough understanding of the switching modes. While part of the investigations has been published before, we summarize these results and add significant new insights in the magnetism of exchange-coupled antidot lattices.

mms

DOI Project Page [BibTex]

mms Wiedwald, U., Gräfe, J., Lebecki, K. M., Skripnik, M., Haering, F., Schütz, G., Ziemann, P., Goering, E., Nowak, U. Magnetic switching of nanoscale antidot lattices {Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology}, 7, pages: 733-750, Beilstein-Institut, Frankfurt am Main, 2016 (article)

DOI Project Page [BibTex]

{Combined first-order reversal curve and x-ray microscopy investigation of magnetization reversal mechanisms in hexagonal antidot lattices}

Combined first-order reversal curve and x-ray microscopy investigation of magnetization reversal mechanisms in hexagonal antidot lattices

Gräfe, J., Weigand, M., Stahl, C., Träger, N., Kopp, M., Schütz, G., Goering, E. J., Haering, F., Ziemann, P., Wiedwald, U.

{Physical Review B}, 93(1), American Physical Society, Woodbury, NY, 2016 (article)

Abstract

The magnetization reversal in nanoscaled antidot lattices is widely investigated to understand the tunability of the magnetic anisotropy and the coercive field through nanostructuring of thin films. By investigating highly ordered focused ion beam milled antidot lattices with a combination of first-order reversal curves and magnetic x-ray microscopy, we fully elucidate the magnetization reversal along the distinct orientations of a hexagonal antidot lattice. This combination proves especially powerful as all partial steps of this complex magnetization reversal can be identified and subsequently imaged. Through this approach we discovered several additional steps that were neglected in previous studies. Furthermore, by imaging the microscopic magnetization state during each reversal step, we were able to link the coercive and interaction fields determined by the first-order reversal curve method to true microscopic magnetization configurations and determine their origin.

mms

DOI Project Page Project Page [BibTex]

mms Gräfe, J., Weigand, M., Stahl, C., Träger, N., Kopp, M., Schütz, G., Goering, E. J., Haering, F., Ziemann, P., Wiedwald, U. Combined first-order reversal curve and x-ray microscopy investigation of magnetization reversal mechanisms in hexagonal antidot lattices {Physical Review B}, 93(1), American Physical Society, Woodbury, NY, 2016 (article)

DOI Project Page Project Page [BibTex]

{Switching probabilities of magnetic vortex core reversal studied by table top magneto optic Kerr microscopy}

Switching probabilities of magnetic vortex core reversal studied by table top magneto optic Kerr microscopy

Dieterle, G., Gangwar, A., Gräfe, J., Noske, M., Förster, J., Woltersdorf, G., Stoll, H., Back, C. H., Schütz, G.

{Applied Physics Letters}, 108(2), American Institute of Physics, Melville, NY, 2016 (article)

Abstract

We have studied vortex core reversal in a single submicron Permalloy disk by polar Kerr microscopy. A sophisticated lock-in-technique based on repetitive switching of the magnetic vortex core and a continuous calibration allows for a reliable determination of the switching probability. This highly sensitive method facilitates the detection of a change in the magnetic moment of the tiny magnetic vortex core which is about 1.5 × 10−17 A m2. We have investigated vortex core switching caused by excitation of the vortex core gyromode with varying frequencies and amplitudes. The frequency range in which switching occurs was found to broaden with increasing excitation amplitude, whereby the highest frequency in this range shifts stronger to higher frequencies than the lowest frequency to lower frequencies. The experimental results are in good agreement with micromagnetic simulations.

mms

mms Dieterle, G., Gangwar, A., Gräfe, J., Noske, M., Förster, J., Woltersdorf, G., Stoll, H., Back, C. H., Schütz, G. Switching probabilities of magnetic vortex core reversal studied by table top magneto optic Kerr microscopy {Applied Physics Letters}, 108(2), American Institute of Physics, Melville, NY, 2016 (article)

{Pinned orbital moments - A new contribution to magnetic anisotropy}

Pinned orbital moments - A new contribution to magnetic anisotropy

Audehm, P., Schmidt, M., Brück, S., Tietze, T., Gräfe, J., Macke, S., Schütz, G., Goering, E.

{Scientific Reports}, 6, Nature Publishing Group, London, UK, 2016 (article)

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mms Audehm, P., Schmidt, M., Brück, S., Tietze, T., Gräfe, J., Macke, S., Schütz, G., Goering, E. Pinned orbital moments - A new contribution to magnetic anisotropy {Scientific Reports}, 6, Nature Publishing Group, London, UK, 2016 (article)

2015

{XMCD studies of thin Co films on BaTiO3}

XMCD studies of thin Co films on BaTiO3

Welke, M., Gräfe, J., Govind, R. K., Babu, V. H., Trautmann, M., Schindler, K., Denecke, R.

{Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter}, 27(32), IOP Publishing, Bristol, UK, 2015 (article)

Abstract

Different layer thicknesses of cobalt ranging from 2.6 Å (1.5 ML) up to 55 Å (30.5 ML) deposited on ferroelectric BaTiO3 have been studied regarding their magnetic behavior. The layers have been characterized using XMCD spectroscopy at remanent magnetization. After careful data analysis the magnetic moments of the cobalt could be determined using the sum rule formalism. There is a sudden and abrupt onset in magnetism starting at thicknesses of 9 Å (5 ML) of cobalt for measurements at 120 K and of 10 Å (5.5 ML) if measured at room temperature. Initial island growth and subsequent coalescence of Co on BaTiO3 is suggested to explain the sudden onset. In that context, no magnetically dead layers are observed.

mms

2015

mms Welke, M., Gräfe, J., Govind, R. K., Babu, V. H., Trautmann, M., Schindler, K., Denecke, R. XMCD studies of thin Co films on BaTiO3 {Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter}, 27(32), IOP Publishing, Bristol, UK, 2015 (article)

{Preparation and characterisation of epitaxial Pt/Cu/FeMn/Co thin films on (100)-oriented MgO single crystals}

Preparation and characterisation of epitaxial Pt/Cu/FeMn/Co thin films on (100)-oriented MgO single crystals

Schmidt, M., Gräfe, J., Audehm, P., Phillipp, F., Schütz, G., Goering, E.

{Physica Status Solidi A}, 212(10):2114-2123, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2015 (article)

Abstract

Different layer thicknesses of cobalt ranging from 2.6 Å (1.5 ML) up to 55 Å (30.5 ML) deposited on ferroelectric BaTiO3 have been studied regarding their magnetic behavior. The layers have been characterized using XMCD spectroscopy at remanent magnetization. After careful data analysis the magnetic moments of the cobalt could be determined using the sum rule formalism. There is a sudden and abrupt onset in magnetism starting at thicknesses of 9 Å (5 ML) of cobalt for measurements at 120 K and of 10 Å (5.5 ML) if measured at room temperature. Initial island growth and subsequent coalescence of Co on BaTiO3 is suggested to explain the sudden onset. In that context, no magnetically dead layers are observed.

mms

mms Schmidt, M., Gräfe, J., Audehm, P., Phillipp, F., Schütz, G., Goering, E. Preparation and characterisation of epitaxial Pt/Cu/FeMn/Co thin films on (100)-oriented MgO single crystals {Physica Status Solidi A}, 212(10):2114-2123, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2015 (article)

{Perpendicular magnetisation from in-plane fields in nano-scaled antidot lattices}

Perpendicular magnetisation from in-plane fields in nano-scaled antidot lattices

Gräfe, J., Haering, F., Tietze, T., Audehm, P., Weigand, M., Wiedwald, U., Ziemann, P., Gawronski, P., Schütz, G., Goering, E. J.

{Nanotechnology}, 26(22), IOP Pub., Bristol, UK, 2015 (article)

Abstract

Investigations of geometric frustrations in magnetic antidot lattices have led to the observation of interesting phenomena like spin-ice and magnetic monopoles. By using highly focused magneto-optical Kerr effect measurements and x-ray microscopy with magnetic contrast we deduce that geometrical frustration in these nanostructured thin film systems also leads to an out-of-plane magnetization from a purely in-plane applied magnetic field. For certain orientations of the antidot lattice, formation of perpendicular magnetic domains has been found with a size of several μm that may be used for an in-plane/out-of-plane transducer.

mms

DOI Project Page [BibTex]

mms Gräfe, J., Haering, F., Tietze, T., Audehm, P., Weigand, M., Wiedwald, U., Ziemann, P., Gawronski, P., Schütz, G., Goering, E. J. Perpendicular magnetisation from in-plane fields in nano-scaled antidot lattices {Nanotechnology}, 26(22), IOP Pub., Bristol, UK, 2015 (article)

DOI Project Page [BibTex]

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Combined FORC and x-ray microscopy study of magnetisation reversal in antidot lattices

Gräfe, J., Haering, F., Stahl, C., Weigand, M., Skripnik, M., Nowak, U., Ziemann, P., Wiedwald, U., Schütz, G., Goering, E.

In IEEE International Magnetics Conference (INTERMAG 2015), IEEE, Beijing, China, 2015 (inproceedings)

mms

DOI Project Page Project Page [BibTex]

mms Gräfe, J., Haering, F., Stahl, C., Weigand, M., Skripnik, M., Nowak, U., Ziemann, P., Wiedwald, U., Schütz, G., Goering, E. Combined FORC and x-ray microscopy study of magnetisation reversal in antidot lattices In IEEE International Magnetics Conference (INTERMAG 2015), IEEE, Beijing, China, 2015 (inproceedings)

DOI Project Page Project Page [BibTex]

2014

{Detecting magnetic flux distributions in superconductors with polarized x-rays}

Detecting magnetic flux distributions in superconductors with polarized x-rays

Stahl, C., Audehm, P., Gräfe, J., Ruoß, S., Weigand, M., Schmidt, M., Treiber, S., Bechtel, M., Goering, E., Schütz, G., Albrecht, J.

{Physical Review B}, 90(10), American Physical Society, Woodbury, NY, 2014 (article)

Abstract

The magnetic flux distribution arising from a high-Tc superconductor is detected and visualized using polarized x rays. Therefore, we introduce a sensor layer, namely, an amorphous, soft-magnetic Co40Fe40B20 cover layer, providing a large x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD). Temperature-dependent XMCD spectroscopy on the magnetic layer has been performed. Exploiting the temperature dependence of the critical current density of the superconductor we find a quantitative correlation between the XMCD signal and the in-plane stray field of the superconductor. Magneto-optical Kerr effect experiments on the sensor layer can simulate the stray field of the superconductor and hence verify the correlation. We show that the XMCD contrast in the sensor layer corresponds to the in-plane magnetic flux distribution of the superconductor and can hence be used to image magnetic structures in superconductors.

mms

2014

mms Stahl, C., Audehm, P., Gräfe, J., Ruoß, S., Weigand, M., Schmidt, M., Treiber, S., Bechtel, M., Goering, E., Schütz, G., Albrecht, J. Detecting magnetic flux distributions in superconductors with polarized x-rays {Physical Review B}, 90(10), American Physical Society, Woodbury, NY, 2014 (article)

{Application of magneto-optical Kerr effect to first-order reversal curve measurements}

Application of magneto-optical Kerr effect to first-order reversal curve measurements

Gräfe, J., Schmidt, M., Audehm, P., Schütz, G., Goering, E.

{Review of Scientific Instruments}, 85, American Institute of Physics, Woodbury, N.Y. [etc.], 2014 (article)

Abstract

First-order reversal curves (FORC) are a powerful method for magnetic sample characterization, separating all magnetic states of an investigated system according to their coercivity and internal magnetic interactions. A major drawback of using measurement techniques like VSM or SQUID, typically applied for FORC acquisition, is the long measurement time, limiting the resolution and the number of measurements due to time constraints. Faster techniques like MOKE result in problems regarding measurement stability over the curse of the acquisition of many minor loops, due to drift and non-absolute magnetization values. Here, we present an approach using a specialized field shape providing two anchor points for each minor loop for applying the magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) technique to FORC measurements. This results in a high field resolution while keeping the total acquisition time to only a few minutes. MOKE FORC measurements are exemplarily applied to a simple permalloy film, an exchange-bias system, and a Gd/Fe multilayer system with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, showcasing the versatility of the method.

mms

DOI Project Page [BibTex]

mms Gräfe, J., Schmidt, M., Audehm, P., Schütz, G., Goering, E. Application of magneto-optical Kerr effect to first-order reversal curve measurements {Review of Scientific Instruments}, 85, American Institute of Physics, Woodbury, N.Y. [etc.], 2014 (article)

DOI Project Page [BibTex]

2013

Magnetoelastic coupling in epitaxial cobalt ferrite/barium titanate heterostructures

Magnetoelastic coupling in epitaxial cobalt ferrite/barium titanate heterostructures

Gräfe, J., Welke, M., Bern, F., Ziese, M., Denecke, R.

Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 339, pages: 84-88, 2013 (article)

Abstract

Ultra-thin cobalt ferrite films have been synthesised on ferroelectric barium titanate crystals. The cobalt ferrite films exhibit a magnetic response to strain induced by structural changes in the barium titanate substrate, suggesting a pathway to multiferroic coupling. These structural changes are achieved by heating through the phase transition temperatures of barium titanate. In addition the ferromagnetic signal of the substrate itself is taken into account, addressing the influence of impurities or defects in the substrate. The cobalt ferrite/barium titanate heterostructure is a suitable oxidic platform for future magnetoelectric applications with an established ferroelectric substrate and widely tuneable magnetic properties by changing the transition metal in the ferrite film.

mms

2013

mms Gräfe, J., Welke, M., Bern, F., Ziese, M., Denecke, R. Magnetoelastic coupling in epitaxial cobalt ferrite/barium titanate heterostructures Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 339, pages: 84-88, 2013 (article)

{Switching modes in easy and hard axis magnetic reversal in a self-assembled antidot array}

Switching modes in easy and hard axis magnetic reversal in a self-assembled antidot array

Haering, F., Wiedwald, U., Nothelfer, S., Koslowski, B., Ziemann, P., Lechner, L., Wallucks, A., Lebecki, K., Nowak, U., Gräfe, J., Goering, E., Schütz, G.

{Nanotechnology}, 24, IOP Pub., Bristol, UK, 2013 (article)

Abstract

We study the reversal mechanisms in a self-assembled, hexagonally ordered Fe antidot array with a period of 200 nm and an antidot diameter of 100 nm which was prepared by polystyrene nanosphere lithography. Direction-dependent information in such a self-assembled sample is obtained by measuring the anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) through constrictions processed by focused ion beam milling in nearest neighbor and next nearest neighbor directions. We show that such an originally integral method can be used to investigate the strong in-plane anisotropy introduced by the antidot lattice. The easy and hard axis reversal mechanisms and corresponding AMR signals are modeled by micromagnetic simulations. Additional in-field magnetic force microscopy studies allow the correlation of microscopic switching to features in the integral AMR. We find that the easy axis of magnetization is connected to a distinct periodic magnetic domain pattern, which can be observed during the whole magnetization reversal. While this process is driven by nucleation and propagation of reversed domains, the hard axis reversal is characterized by a (stepwise) rotation of the magnetization via the antidot lattice' easy axes.

mms

DOI Project Page [BibTex]

mms Haering, F., Wiedwald, U., Nothelfer, S., Koslowski, B., Ziemann, P., Lechner, L., Wallucks, A., Lebecki, K., Nowak, U., Gräfe, J., Goering, E., Schütz, G. Switching modes in easy and hard axis magnetic reversal in a self-assembled antidot array {Nanotechnology}, 24, IOP Pub., Bristol, UK, 2013 (article)

DOI Project Page [BibTex]

2011

The Oxidation of Fe(111)

The Oxidation of Fe(111)

Davies, R., Edwards, D., Gräfe, J., Gilbert, L., Davies, P., Hutchings, G., Bowker, M.

Surface Science, 605(17-18):1754-1762, 2011 (article)

Abstract

The oxidation of Fe(111) was studied using Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), low energy electron diffraction (LEED), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS) and scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM). Oxidation of the crystal was found to be a very fast process, even at 200 K, and the Auger O signal saturation level is reached within ~ 50 × 10− 6 mbar s. Annealing the oxidised surface at 773 K causes a significant decline in apparent surface oxygen concentration and produces a clear (6 × 6) LEED pattern, whereas after oxidation at ambient temperature no pattern was observed. STM results indicate that the oxygen signal was reduced due to the nucleation of large, but sparsely distributed oxide islands, leaving mainly the smooth (6 × 6) structure between the islands. The reactivity of the (6 × 6) layer towards methanol was investigated using temperature programmed desorption (TPD), which showed mainly decomposition to CO and CO2, due to the production of formate intermediates on the surface. Interestingly, this removes the (6 × 6) structure by reduction, but it can be reformed from the sink of oxygen present in the large oxide islands simply by annealing at 773 K for a few minutes. The (6 × 6) appears to be a relatively stable, pseudo-oxide phase, that may be useful as a model oxide surface.

mms

2011

mms Davies, R., Edwards, D., Gräfe, J., Gilbert, L., Davies, P., Hutchings, G., Bowker, M. The Oxidation of Fe(111) Surface Science, 605(17-18):1754-1762, 2011 (article)

$High-resolution x-ray absorption spectroscopy of BaTiO${}_{3}$: Experiment and first-principles calculations$

High-resolution x-ray absorption spectroscopy of BaTiO_3: Experiment and first-principles calculations

Chassé, A., Borek, S., Schindler, K., Trautmann, M., Huth, M., Steudel, F., Makhova, L., Gräfe, J., Denecke, R.

Physical Review B, 84, pages: 195135, 2011 (article)

Abstract

High resolution x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) affords new insight into the microscopic properties of perovskite transition metal oxides. Interpretation of XAS spectra in transition metal oxides requires theoretical tools capable of describing relativistic and many-body effects. In this work, full relativistic (SPR-KKR) and multiplet calculations (CTM4XAS) are carried out and compared to experimental multiedge XAS spectra of BaTiO3 single crystals. The impact of relativistic and many-body effects on the calculated density of states and x-ray absorption near edge structure spectra are individually considered.

mms

mms Chassé, A., Borek, S., Schindler, K., Trautmann, M., Huth, M., Steudel, F., Makhova, L., Gräfe, J., Denecke, R. High-resolution x-ray absorption spectroscopy of BaTiO_3: Experiment and first-principles calculations Physical Review B, 84, pages: 195135, 2011 (article)

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